1. M OTIVATION & W ORK Chapter 8A

2. M OTIVATION Motivation – a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Aron Ralston was motivated to cut off his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.

3. P ERSPECTIVES ON M OTIVATION Instinct Theory (Evolutionary) Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Motives

4. I NSTINCTS & E VOLUTIONARY P SYCHOLOGY Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns and are not learned. Humans build different kinds of houses, while birds only build one kind.

5. D RIVE -R EDUCTION T HEORY Insists that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

6. A ROUSAL T HEORY Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need- based drive.

7. H IERARCHY OF M OTIVES Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self- esteem, and the need for recognition.

8. M ASLOW ’ S H IERARCHY OF N EEDS

9. T HE P SYCHOLOGY OF H UNGER When do we eat? When we are hungry. When are we hungry? When there is no food in our stomach. How do we know when our stomach is empty? Our stomach grows or pangs.

10. T HE P HYSIOLOGY OF H UNGER Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.

11. C AN YOU BE HUNGRY WITHOUT A STOMACH ? Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (ate food). Argues that hunger is not purely motivated by the stomach.

12. T ASTE P REFERENCES : B IOLOGY OR C ULTURE ? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for.

13. H OT CULTURES LIKE H OT SPICES. Countries with hot climates use more bacteria inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

14. E ATING D ISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa – a condition in which a normal weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight. Bulimia Nervosa – characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

15. R EASONS FOR E ATING D ISORDERS Genetic and Environmental factors both have credibility. For example.. Genetic – eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins. Environmental – adolescent girls who have “successful” fathers show a higher incidence of eating disorders.

16. S OCIAL E FFECTS OF O BESITY When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire them.

17. S UMMARY OF H UNGER

18. T HE P SYCHOLOGY OF S EX

19. S EXUAL O RIENTATION S TATISTICS In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4%, and in women is 1-2%. Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and prenatal hormone exposure rather than environmental factors. Homosexuality is more common in identical twins than fraternal twins.

20. A NIMAL H OMOSEXUALITY A number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world. Wendell & Cass

21. B IOLOGY OF S EXUAL O RIENTATION

22. C HANGING A TTITUDES

23. M OTIVATION AND B ELONGING Evolutionary Perspective Belonging increases survival rates by… Protecting against predators Supplying food Reproducing

24. M OTIVATION FOR A CHIEVEMENT Achievement Motivation – the desire for significant accomplishment. People with a high need to achieve tend to… Choose tasks that allow for success, yet Still require skill and effort, and Keep persisting until success is achieved

25. S OURCES OF A CHIEVEMENT M OTIVATION Why does one person become more motivated to achieve than another? Parents and teachers have an influence on the roots of motivation. Emotional Roots – learning to associate achievement with positive emotions. Cognitive Roots – learning to attribute achievements to one’s own competence, thus raising expectations on oneself.

26. A TTITUDES T OWARDS W ORK People have different attitudes toward work. Job – necessary way to make money. Career – opportunity to advance from one position to another. Calling – fulfilling a socially useful activity.

27. W ORK & S ATISFACTION In industrialized countries, work and satisfaction go hand in hand.

28. T HE F IELD OF I NDUSTRIAL /O RGANIZATIONAL P SYCHOLOGY Personnel Psychology – studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers. Organizational Psychology – studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. Human Factors Psychology – explores how machines and environments can be designed to fit our natural perception.

29. G OALS OF I/O P SYCHOLOGY Identify people’s strengths and matching them to a particular area of work. Provide for standardized interview processes. Appraising job performance accurately. Motivating and Engaging workers. Offering positive feedback more than negative feedback.