1. Effects of Global Contact: The Columbian Exchange

2. New World vs. Old World

3. The Columbian Exchange- 15 th /16 th Century  When Columbus returned to Spain in March 1493, he brought with him plants and animals from the Americas  When he returned to the Americas, he brought 1,200 settlers and European plants and animals with him  These two events began a global exchange that would change the world  Called the Columbian Exchange

4. The Columbian Exchange

5. New World vs. Old World Exchange N. America: Sunflowers, Corn, Avocadoes C. America: Peppers, Beans, Chocolate S. America: Potatoes, Tomatoes, Peanuts Europe: Wheat, Beats, Onions, Cabbage, Apples, Peas, Carrots Asia: Rice, Sugarcane, Mangoes Africa: Radishes, Watermelon, Coffee

6. New Foods and Animals  New foods in Americas brought back to Europe: tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn, and potatoes  Corn  Spread all across Europe and to Africa and Asia and became one of the world’s most important crops  Potatoes  Easy to grow and store  Helped feed Europe’s growing population

7. New Foods, Goods, and Animals

8. New Foods and Animals  Foods in Europe that were brought to Americas:  Wheat and Grapes from Europe  Bananas and sugar cane from Africa and Asia  Animals in Europe that were brought to Americas:  Cattle, pigs, goats, chickens for food  Horses and donkeys for transportation  Horses made it easier for Natives to hunt buffalo

10. Global Population Explodes  New foods contributed to population growth around the world  Columbian Exchange sparked the migration of people  European settlers migrated to the Americas

11. Land of Opportunity  Atlantic Slave Trade brought millions of Africans to the Americas  Although, European diseases that were brought to the Natives did lead the decline of the Native American population  Small pox  Influenza  Measles  Typhus

12. Commercial Revolution  Price Revolution – the period in European history when inflation rose rapidly  1500s prices began to rise in Europe and much more money in circulation, which led to inflation  Inflation fueled by the amount of gold and silver coming into Europe from the Americas  Capitalism  Expanded trade, increased money supply, and the push for overseas empires expanded capitalism  Entrepreneurs were the key to successful capitalism

13. Mercantilism  New economic policy  Aimed at strengthening the national economies of European countries  Believed that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver  To build the supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more than it imports  Colonies played a major role in providing wealth to the parent country  Colony provided resources and raw materials that the parent country would then manufacture and make finished goods out of

14. Mercantilism

15. The Atlantic Slave Trade

16. Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic  Atlantic Slave Trade – formed one part of a three-legged international trade network known as the Triangular Trade  Triangular Trade – a triangle-shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas

17. Shipping People and Goods  How the triangular trade worked: 1. Merchant ships brought European goods (guns, cloth, cash) to Africa. These goods were traded for slaves in Africa. 2. Middle Passage – Slaves are transported to the Americas to be exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products manufactured at plantations owned by Europeans.

18. Shipping People and Goods  How the triangular trade worked: 3. Merchants carried sugar, molasses, cotton, and other American goods (furs, salt fish, and rum). These goods were shipped to Europe, where they were traded at a profit for the European commodities that merchants needed to return to Africa.

19. Shipping People and Goods

21. Industries and Cities Thrive  Triangular trade was immensely profitable for many people.  Industries that supported trade thrived  Shipbuilding, fishing, raising tobacco, processing sugar  Thriving trade led to successful port cities

22. The Middle Passage  Most Africans were taken from inland villages  They were then forced to march to coastal ports  Men, women, and children were bound with ropes and chains and forced to walk distances as far as a thousand miles  Many captives died along the way – some tried to escape and were punished  Those who survived were restrained in coastal holding pens and warehouses until European traders arrived by ship

23. The Middle Passage  Africans were packed below the decks of slave ships, usually in chains  Hundreds of men, women, and children were packed in for journeys that lasted from 3 weeks to 3 months  Disease was the biggest threat to the captives  smallpox and other diseases as a result of the “floating coffins”  Up to half of Africans on board died because of disease or brutal mistreatment

24. The Middle Passage

25.  Some enslaved Africans resisted and others tried to take control of the ship to go back to Africa  Suicide was incredibly common  Many Africans believed that in death they would be returned to their home countries  They hanged themselves, starved themselves, or leapt overboard

26. Impact of the Slave Trade  Brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders  Provided the labor that helped profitable colonial economies grow  Impact on Africans was devastating  African states and societies were torn apart  The lives of individual Africans were either cut short or forever brutalized

27. Impact of the Slave Trade  Historians still debate the number of Africans who were directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade  By the mid-1800s an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas  Another 2 million probably died under the brutal conditions of the Middle Passage