2. SOIL DEGRADATION  When plants (trees & shrubs) are cleared from a site, soil is exposed to sunlight and the eroding effects of wind and water. Soil aeration is increased and the rate of weathering increases.  Apart from erosion, the proportion of organic matter in the soil gradually decreases, through the action of microbes in the soil which use it as a source of energy ‑ unless the new land use provides some replacement.

3. CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

4. FORMS OF SOIL DEGRADATION

6. IMPACTS The main impact of soil erosion is the reduction in soil quality which results from the loss of the nutrient-rich and fertile upper layers of the soil, and the reduced water-holding capacity of many eroded soils. In other words, 'Erosion removes the cream of the soil' (soilerosion.net). Therefore soil erosion is one of the most serious threats to soil fertility. Even low erosion rates which are almost invisible can over the years have a severe impact on soils. It is therefore of vital importance to protect the soil from erosion. Especially organic farming fully depends on maintaining the natural fertility of the soil.soilerosion.net

8. Soil erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist erosion, based on the physical characteristics of each soil. Generally, soils with faster infiltration rates, higher levels of organic matter and improved soil structure have a greater resistance to erosion. Sand, sandy loam and loam textured soils tend to be less erodible than silt, very fine sand, and certain clay textured soils.

10. Soil conservation measures Certain conservation measures can reduce soil erosion. Soil / land management practices such as tillage and cropping practices, directly affect the overall soil erosion problem and solutions on a farm. When crop rotations or changing tillage practices are not enough to control erosion on a field, a combination of measures might be necessary. For example, contour plowing, strip cropping, or terracing may be considered.

11. Types of conservation measures: Agronomic: such as plant / soil cover, conservation farming methods, contour farming Vegetative: such as planting barriers (vegetative strips), live fences, windbreaks Structural: such as Fanya Juus, terraces, banks, bunds, cut off drains, barriers Overall management: such as area closures, selective clearing