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Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY Mårten Karlson Tyréns AB 2016.04.05.

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Presentation on theme: "Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY Mårten Karlson Tyréns AB 2016.04.05."— Presentation transcript:

1 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY Mårten Karlson Tyréns AB 2016.04.05

2 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1.What is ecology? 1.What is biodiversity? 1.What is road ecology? 1.Road effects on the environment 1.The road effect zone 2.Fragmentation 3.Loss of habitat and new habitat 4.Barrier effects and connectivity 5.Road mortality (animals) 2.Road planning (in Sweden) 3.Road ecology in practice CONTENTS marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 2

3 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1.Energy flows within food webs 1.Bild sol energy mm.. 2.Interactions between “life” and “non-life” 3.The environment viewed as “components”, “rules”, “system output” 4.We study “life” systems, or life supporting systems. ECOLOGY – STUDY OF ECOSYSTEMS marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 3 Between 5-20% energy becomes ingested from one level to the next

4 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1.Ecosystems are systems. Systems that produce life.  Systems are made up of components – different species  Components carry out (system)tasks – grazing, nitrogen fixation, predation, pollination etc…  If components fail, system malfunctions – ecosystems “re- organize”  Redundancy of components secures (system)functionality  = BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY – OUR INSURANCE marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 4

5 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1.Area of “habitat” 2.Level of (genetic)isolation  Small isolated = bad  Large connected =good WHAT MATTERS FOR BIODIVERSITY marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se Habitat amount Species diversity and abundance 5

6 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1.The specific study of how roads change ecological processes 1.Theory and findings relevant to many forms of linear constructions ROAD EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT New landscape element Barrier effects Change of hydrological processes Land use change Construction Habitat loss and fragmentation New habitat Utilization and management Road mortalityDisturbance Chemical contamination Exotic species marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 6

7 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD EFFECT ZONE 1.Distance perpendicular to road within which significantly distinguished observations can be made. 1.Species composition, richness abundance… 2.Concentration of contaminants… 3.Temperature, noise, vibrations.. 4.Erosion, sedimentation transport, hydrological flows… 5.Etc… 0 100 200 marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 7

8 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 FRAGMENTATION marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Fragmentation of habitat = subdivision: 1 patch of habitat becomes 2 smaller patches. -Edge effects -Redistribution of habitat patch quality 8

9 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 LOSS OF HABITAT, NEW HABITAT marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Habitat is removed/lost 1.Negative for non-adaptive species 2.New habitat is created 1.Carrion feeders, rare plant species, 2.invasive species 9

10 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 1. Habitat connectivity presumes a connection between habitat area. I.Structural connectivity presumes a physical connection between 2 points. II.Functional connectivity presumes that 2 points are reachable for a given species. BARRIER EFFECTS AND CONNECTIVITY marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 10

11 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 BARRIER EFFECTS AND CONNECTIVITY marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Barriers increase isolation  Reduced genetic exchange  Increased inbreeding and stochastic vulnerability  Increased risk for extinction 11

12 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 BARRIER EFFECTS AND CONNECTIVITY marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 12 CategoryADT* RoadsADT* Railways Barrier effectMitigation 0 < 1000 v/d**-None 1 1000-4000 v/d<120 v/dMinor Prevent wvc***/accidents 2 4000-10000 v/d120-400 v/dStrong Wildlife crossing structures and preventive actions 3 >10000 v/d>400 v/dAbsolute Several crossing structures, fencing *Average Daily Traffic, **vehicles/day, ***wildlife vehicle collisions

13 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD MORTALITY marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Generally no population level effects 2.Local extinctions 3.Loss of genetic diversity 4.Fatal human/wildlife accidents 13

14 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se What we do: 1.Desktop studies 1.Nature reserve management plans 2.Spatial data, webb GIS, protected areas 2.Analysis and calculations 1.(Potential) Species distribution, network analysis, wildlife accidents 3.Fieldwork 1.Inventory, data collection, mapping, measurements.. 14

15 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE - EXAMPLES marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se Focal species 1.One species represent several others  Save 1 get a 1000 on the fly… 15

16 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE - EXAMPLES marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se Indices for ecological integrity Amount and connectivity  Total area  Might support X no of…  (area weighted) mean patch size  Compare with species demands…  Mean distance between patches Quality  Age and diversity  Shape and fragmentation  Area/perimeter ratio 16

17 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD ECOLOGY IN PRACTICE - EXAMPLES marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se Spatial ecological models Betweenness Centrality (Ecologically adapted, Bodin and Saura 2010) nm*= all possible combinations of patch i and j. 17

18 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD PLANNING, SWEDEN marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se No further investigations Localization study Road plan Trial No road Act of implementation Construction NO YES Alternative solutions? Strategic planning Pre-study Overall status of the environment Political objectives Accessibility Capacity safety Minimize environmental impact Barrier effects Fragmentation Valuable and protected areas Wildlife crossing structures Protected species Impact assessment Mitigation Design Etc.. Environmental monitoring, control.. Support in the field, monitoring 18

19 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD PLANNING, SWEDEN marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se No further investigations Localization study (corridors) Road plan (road path) Trial No road Act of implementation Construction NO YES Alternative solutions? Strategic planning Pre-study Traffic flow modelling, forecasting studies Political objectives Accessibility Capacity safety Connecting to existing infrastructure Dimensions, curvature, radius.. Technical constraints.. Improve forecasting… 19

20 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 ROAD PLANNING, SWEDEN marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se Traffic flow modelling, forecasting studies Where? Connecting to existing infrastructure Dimensions, curvature, radius.. Technical constraints.. Environmental conditions No go areas Presence of protected species Environmental law.. Wildlife corridors..etc Alternative solutions Localization 20

21 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 TALK TO THE ECOLOGIST! marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Often, road planning goes fast!  Traffic modellers need a “line” to work with potential corridors  Corridors and “lines” should adapt to the landscape and the environment 21

22 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 TALK TO THE ECOLOGIST! marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Topography is of key importance Strong barrier effects Less barrier effects 22

23 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 TALK TO THE ECOLOGIST! marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Always better to repair and improve existing roads (and cheaper…) ”lost” habitat.. Degraded Too small Too isolated 23

24 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 TALK TO THE ECOLOGIST! marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 1.Always minimize habitat loss… ”lost” habitat.. Degraded Too small Too isolated 24

25 Eng UK © TYRÉNS 2016 THANK YOU! marten.karlsson@tyrens.semarten.karlsson@tyrens.se, mkarlso@kth.se,mkarlso@kth.se 25

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