1. Chapter 11: Protists

2. Microscope Anatomy & Care

3. Microscope Parts

4. Eyepiece or Ocular Body Tube Arm Where you look through microscope
Long, skinny tube that holds eyepiece
Allows light to travel up from objective lenses
Arm
Holds upper part of microscope above the stage
Also the place where you grab the microscope when you take it for a walk

5. Coarse Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base Legs
Large knob on the side of the arm
Allows you to move the stage (or upper part of microscope) up and down so that you can focus your slide
Fine Adjustment
Small knob on the side of the arm
Used to fine-tune your image or make image sharper
Base
Holds the whole microscope up
Made up of two legs
Legs
Should be called feet
Help hold microscope in place
Together they are called the base

6. Stage Stage Clips Slide Cover slip
Where you place the goodies you want to examine
Large, flat area with a hole in the middle
Stage Clips
Two, shiny clips that hold the slide in place under the lens
Slide
Thin piece of glass that holds your specimens (what you are looking at!)
Cover slip
Small, square piece of plastic
Covers your specimen and keeps it in place

7. Nosepiece Objective Lenses Holds 2-3 objective lenses
Rotates around in a circle so you can choose which objective you would like to use
Objective Lenses
Shortest lens = least powerful
Longest lens = most powerful or greater magnification
Our microscopes are 4X, 10X, 40X

8. Aperture Diaphragm Mirror or Lamp The hole in the middle of the stage
Allows light to come up from behind the object you’re observing so it is easier to see
Diaphragm
Round disk with several different sized holes in it
Allows you to change the amount of light that comes up through the aperture
Mirror or Lamp
Located between legs of the base, directly under the aperture
Lamp shines light up and the mirror reflects light making it easier to see your specimen

9. Microscope Care
RULE #1
Always use two hands to carry your microscope (one hand on the arm & the other hand on the base). Never swing your microscope.

10. Microscope Care
RULE #2
Never touch the lenses with your fingers – it can smudge the glass!
RULE #3
If you need to clean the lenses or objectives, use only special lens paper from the teacher. Paper towels & kleenex can scratch the glass.

11. Microscope Care
RULE #4
Always place the microscope back on the shelf and make sure it is covered with a dust cover.

12. Microscope Care
RULE #5
When you are finished using the microscope, rotate the nosepiece so that it is on low power and move the stage as close the objective as possible.
RULE #6
Never use the 100X objective (has a white or black band on it). This is a special lens that requires oil to use.

13. How to Make a Slide Step 1 Place you sample on the slide. Step 2
Add 2-3 drops of distilled water if needed.
Step 3
Gently lower the cover slip onto the slide to prevent air bubbles from forming.
Step 4
Dab excess water with a paper towel.

15. Which slide shows correct technique?

16. Use the coarse adjustment first then the fine adjustment
How to Find & Focus
Use the coarse adjustment first then the fine adjustment
Always start on low power
View your object

17. Power of Magnification
The eyepiece is always 10X
Objectives can vary (our microscopes are 4X, 10X, 40X)

18. Examples:
Low Power
10X times 4X = 40X
(eyepiece times objective)
Medium Power
10X times 10X = 100X
High Power
10X times 40X = 400X

19. Protists
Section 11.1

20. General Characteristics:
Member of kingdom Protista
Most are single celled but some are many celled or live in colonies
Some produce own food while some eat other organisms or decaying material
All are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
Do not have specialized tissues

21. Getting Food:
Some are producers (make own food); have chloroplasts; photosynthesize like plants
Some are heterotrophs (get food by eating other things)
Some are decomposers (break down dead material)
Some get food in more than one way (ex. Slime mold eats small organisms & breaks down dead stuff)
Some are parasites (invades another organism or host to steal food – harms the host)

22. Reproduction:
Most protists reproduce asexually (offspring come from one parent & are identical to parent)
Asexual reproduction uses binary fission or multiple fission
Some protists reproduce sexually (need two parents)

23. Reproduction:
Conjugation = two parents join together & exchange genetic material by using small second nucleus then divide making 4 protists
Many protists can reproduce asexually or sexually
Alternate by generation & some depends on environmental conditions

24. Kinds of Protists
Section 11.2

25. Protist Producers Use sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis
Have chlorophyll
Live in water
Seaweed (many celled) found in shallow water along shore
Phytoplankton are free-floating, single-celled, found near water surface, produce much of world’s oxygen

26. Red Algae:
Red pigment allows them to absorb light that filters deep into clear tropical waters
Usually attached to rocks or other algae

27. Red Tide or Algae Bloom

28. Green Algae:
Live in water, moist soil, tree trunks, melting snow
Individual cells of some algae live in groups called colonies

29. Brown Algae: Found in cool climates, very large (as long as 20 cars)
Attach to rocks or form floating beds
Only tops of gigantic algae exposed to sunlight

30. Diatoms: Single-celled, unusual shapes Found in fresh and salt water
Cell walls contain silica (glasslike substance)
Cells enclosed in two part shell

31. Dinoflagellates: Single-celled Most live in salt water
Have two flagella (whip like strands for movement)

32. Euglenoids: Single-celled Live in fresh water
Photosynthesize but can get food as heterotrophs (consumers) when not enough light for photosynthesis
Have flagella for movement
Have eyespots that sense light
Contractile vacuole removes excess water

33. Heterotrophs That Can Move
Mobile protists called protozoans
Examples include amoeba, paramecium, vorticella, rotifers

34. Amoebas: Soft, jellylike, look shapeless
Found in fresh and salt water, soil, and as parasites
Have contractile vacuole
Eat bacteria and other small protists
Have false feet (or pseudopods) to move and catch food
Engulfs food w/pseudopods forming a food vacuole then enzymes digest food

35. Flagellates: Have whip like strands to move
Some are parasite – like Giardia (lives in digestive tract causing stomach cramps, get it from contaminated water)
Some live in mutualism – like in the gut of a termite (helps termite digest wood while getting food and place to live from termite

36. Ciliates:
Tiny, hair like structures (cilia) to move and for feeding (sweep food toward food passageway)
Ex. Paramecium
Has contractile vacuole
2 nuclei (macronucleus = controls cell function, micronucleus = passes genes during reproduction)

37. Heterotrophs That CanNOT Move
Spore-forming:
Are parasites, absorb nutrients from host
Usually have two or more hosts
Ex. Protest that causes Malaria

38. Water Mold: Can be decomposers or parasites Small, single-celled
Live in water, soil, or other organisms

39. Slime Molds: Live in cool, moist places
Can move only during certain stages of life cycle (use pseudopodia)
Eat bacteria and yeast
Grow rounded knobs (or spores) at the top during stressful environmental conditions
Spores are reproductive cells and can survive long time without food