1. It’s A Toss Up 1. What do the terms dominant and recessive mean? dominant: the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited recessive: a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

2. It’s A Toss Up 2. Explain the difference between the genotype and the phenotype of an individual. genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism phenotype: an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment

3. It’s A Toss Up 3. How are dominant and recessive genes written or abbreviated in a genotype? The first letter of the word that describes the dominant trait is capitalized to represent the dominant trait. The same letter is written lowercase to represent the recessive trait.

4. It’s A Toss Up 4. How can you tell by looking at the genotype of the individual if he/she is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait? Having two dominant or two recessive alleles makes an organism homozygous for that trait. Having one dominant & one recessive allele makes an organism heterozygous for that trait.

5. It’s A Toss Up 5. Can you tell what someone’s genotype is by observing their phenotype? You can tell if they carry one or none of the dominant alleles for a trait. You cannot necessarily tell if they are heterozygous for a trait, unless there is a third intermediate characteristic defined by having both a dominant & recessive allele.

6. It’s A Toss Up 1. Why is it appropriate for the male parent to flip for the sex of the offspring? The female can only donate an X chromosome toward the sex of the offspring. It is the male that determines the sex by donating either an X or a Y.

7. It’s A Toss Up 2. What percent chance is there for producing a male offspring? A female? Explain. 50/50 ½ the gametes carry the X chromosome, the other ½ carry the Y.

8. It’s A Toss Up 3. What do the coins represent? X or Y chromosome Different alleles

9. It’s A Toss Up 4. What determines the observable physical characteristics of the offspring? the genetic make up (genotype)

10. It’s A Toss Up 5. Are all three offspring in your group alike? Would you expect other groups to have offspring very similar to yours? Explain. No Because many different alleles for the thousands of different genes, the likelihood of having two genetically identical people who are not twins is improbable.

11. It’s A Toss Up 6. What are the possible genotypes for the parents of a child who has wavy hair? HH x Hh HH x hh Hh x HH Hh x Hh Hh x hh hh x HH etc.

12. It’s A Toss Up 7. Which traits in this activity do not show simple dominance but a blending of traits? hair type eye size eye space mouth size lip shape nose size ear size

13. It’s A Toss Up 8. How would it be possible for the offspring to show a trait that neither of the parents shows physically? incomplete dominance: HH (curly) x hh (straight) = Hh (wavy) If both parents are heterozygous: Ff (freckles) x Ff (freckles) = ff (no freckles)