1. Objectives  Distinguish between Accuracy and Precision.  Determine the Precision of Measured quantities.

2. INTRO Measurement - is a comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard. It quantifies our observations. Careful measurements enable you to derive the relation between any two quantities.

3. COMPARING RESULTS When a measurement is made, the results often are reported with an uncertainty. Therefore, before fully accepting new data, other scientists examine the experiment, looking for possible sources of errors, and try to reproduce the results. A new measurement that is within the margin of uncertainty confirms the old measurement.

4. PRECISION vs. ACCURACY Precision – is the degree of exactness of a measurement. It depends on the instrument and technique used to make the measurement. The device that has the finest division on its scale produces the most precise measurement. The precision of a measurement is one half the smallest division of the instrument. Accuracy – describes how well the results of a measurement agree with the “real” value or accepted value as measured by competent experimenters. Two Point Calibration - A common method for checking the accuracy of an instrument. First does the instrument read zero when it should? Second does it give the correct reading when it is measuring an accepted standard?

5. TECHNIQUES OF GOOD MEASUREMENT To assure precision and accuracy, instruments used to make measurements need to be used correctly. This is important because one common source of error comes from the angle at which an instrument is read. Scales should be read with one’s eye directly above the measure. If the scale is read from an angle, as shown in figure 1-13b, you will get a different, and less accurate, value. Parallax - is the apparent shift in the position of an object when it is viewed from different angles. This causes the difference in the readings in Figure 1-13. The Global Positioning System or GPS offers an illustration of accuracy and precision in measurement. The GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense.

6. QUESTION 1 Ronald, Kevin, and Paul perform an experiment to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity on the Earth (980 cm/s 2 ). The following results were obtained: Ronald - 961 ± 12 cm/s 2, Kevin - 953 ± 8 cm/s 2, and Paul - 942 ± 4 cm/s 2. Justify who gets the most accurate and precise value. Ronald’s answer is closest to 980 cm/s 2 and hence his result is the most accurate. Paul’s measurement is the most precise within 4 cm/s 2.

7. QUESTION 2 What is the precision of an instrument? Precision depends on the instrument and the technique used to make the measurement. Generally, the device with the finest division on its scale produces the most precise measurement. The precision of a measurement is one-half of the smallest division of the instrument.

8. QUESTION 3 A 100-cm long rope was measured with three different scales. The answer obtained with the three scales were: 1st scale - 99 ± 0.5 cm, 2nd scale - 98 ± 0.25 cm, and 3rd scale - 99 ± 1 cm. Which scale has the best precision? Precision depends on the instrument. The measurement of the 2nd scale is the most precise within 0.25 cm.