1. SURVEYING PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 1

2. 2  Plane Tabling is a graphical method of surveying in which the field work and plotting are done simultaneously.  Useful to fill in details between stations fixed by triangulation or theodolite traversing.  Particularly adapted for small scale or medium scale mapping in which great accuracy in detail is not required. SURVEYING  The plane table consists essentially of: 1.A drawing board mounted on a tripod and 2.A straight edge called an alidade.

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4. 4 THE DRAWING BOARD  Made of well-seasoned wood such as teak or pine.  Size varies from 40cm x 30cm x 75cm x 60cm or 50cm to 60 m square.  It is mounted on a tripod in such a manner that it can be leveled, and revolved about a vertical axis and clamped in any position. SURVEYING

5. PLAIN ALIDADE  Consists of a metal (brass or gunmetal) or boxwood straight edge or ruler about 50 cm long.  The beveled (ruling or working) edge of the alidade is called the fiducial edge.  It consists of two vanes at the ends, the vanes are hinged and can be folded when the alidade is not in use.  One of the sight vanes is provided with a narrow slit and the other with a central vertical wire or hair.  One of the vanes known as sight vane is provided with a narrow slit with three holes, one at the top, one at the bottom and one in the middle. SURVEYING

6. 6 PLAIN ALIDADE  The other vane which is known as object vane, is open and carried a hair or a fine thread or a thin wire stretched between the top and bottom of the slit.  With the help of the slit, a definite line of sight may be established parallel to the ruling edge of the alidade.  The length of the ruling edge should be equal to the smaller side of the plane table.  A plane alidade can be used only when the elevations of the of the objects are low. SURVEYING

7. PLAIN ALIDADE Sight Vane Object Vane Fiducial Edge SURVEYING 7

8. 8 PLAIN ALIDADE NUT Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr Ahmed Rasheed Mirza

9. 9 TELESCOPIC ALIDADE  The alidade which is fitted with a telescope is known as a telescopic alidade.  It is used to take inclined sights.  It increases the range and accuracy of the sights.  It consists of a small telescope with a level tube.  A graduated scale is mounted on the horizontal axis. SURVEYING  One side of the metal ruler is used as the working edge along which lines are drawn.  The angles of elevation or depression can be read on the vertical circle.

10. TELESCOPIC ALIDADE SURVEYING 10

11. 11  It consists of a small metal tube which contains a small bubble.  The spirit level may also be circular but its base must be flat so that it can be laid on the table.  The table is truly level when the bubble remains central all over the table. SPIRIT LEVEL SURVEYING

12. SPIRIT LEVEL SURVEYING 12

13. 13 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS  A box compass consists of a magnetic needle pivoted at its centre freely.  It is used for orienting the plane table to magnetic north.  The edges of the box compass are straight and the bottom is perfectly flat. SURVEYING

14. THE MAGNETIC COMPASS SURVEYING 14

15. 15  The plumbing fork consists of a hair pin-shaped brass frame, having two equal arms.  One end has a pointer while a plumb bob is attached the other end.  It is used in large scale survey for accurate centering of the station location on the table over its ground position. PLUMBING FORK SURVEYING

16. 16 PLUMBING FORK It is also used for transferring the location of the instrument station on the sheet on to the ground. The fork is placed with its upper arm lying on the top of the table and the lower arm below it. The table is said to be centered when the plumb bob hangs freely over ground mark. SURVEYING

17. PLUMBING FORK Plumbing Fork SURVEYING 17

18. 18 i)It is most suitable for preparing small-scale maps. ii)It is most rapid. iii)The field book is not necessary as plotting is done in the field concurrently with the field work, and hence the mistakes in booking the field notes are avoided. iv)The surveyor can compare the plotted work with the actual features of the area surveyed and thus can ascertain if it represents them properly. v)It is particularly advantageous in magnetic areas where compass survey is not reliable. vi)It is less costly than a theodolite survey. vii)No great skill is required to prepare a satisfactory map. ADVANTAGES OF PLANE TABLING SURVEYING

19. 19 i)It is not suitable for work in a wet climate. ii)It is heavy, cumbersome and awkward to carry. iii)There are several accessories to be carried, and, therefore, they are likely to be lost. iv)It is not intended for accurate work. v)If the survey is to be re-plotted to a different scale or quantities are to be computed, it is a great inconvenience in absence of the field notes. DISADVANTAGES OF PLANE TABLING SURVEYING

20. 20  The table should be set up at a convenient height. (say about 1m). The legs of the tripod should be spread well apart, and firmly fixed into the ground.  The table should be so placed over the station on the ground that the point plotted on the sheet corresponding to the station occupied should be exactly over the station on the ground. This operation is known as the centering of the table. This may be done using a plumbing fork or U frame. SETTING UP THE PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

21. 21 SETTING UP THE PLANE TABLE  In this operation, the table top is made truly horizontal. For rough and small scale work, leveling can be done by eye estimation whereas for accurate and large scale work, leveling achieved with an ordinary spirit level. The leveling is specially important in hilly terrain where some of the control points are situated at higher level and some other at lower level. The disleveling of the plane table, throws the location of the point considerably out of its true location. SURVEYING

22. 22  The operation of keeping the table at each of the successive stations parallel to the position which it occupied at the first station is known as orientation. It is necessary when the instrument has to be set up at more than one station. There are two methods of orienting the table: 1.Orientation by the Magnetic Needle 2.Orientation by Backsighting ORIENTING THE PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

23. 23 ORIENTING BY MAGNETIC NEEDLE  This method is used when it is not possible to bisect the previous station from the new station. This method is not much reliable and prone to errors due to variations of magnetic field. SURVEYING

24. 24 ORIENTING BY BACKSIGHTING  In this method the table is orientated by back sighting through the ray which is drawn from the previous station. This is the most accurate and reliable method of orientation of plane table. SURVEYING

25. 25 o The table should accurately centred. o The rays should be accurately drawn through the station points. o Table should be sufficiently clamped. o The board should be horizontal. o The objects should be accurately sighted. ERRORS IN PLANE TABLING SURVEYING