1. Chapter 14, Sections 3-4

2. The power of the Church declined Religious Warfare Popular education Growth of Christian religious denominations. List 3 Results of the Protestant Reformation

3. Ending religious wars in Germany, the Peace of Augsburg allowed German rulers to choose the religion that their people would follow. What was the Peace of Augsburg?

4. Summoned by the Pope, this 20 year long council examined Church doctrine and practices. Ultimately, while it did ban indulgences, the Church reaffirmed it commitment to Catholicism while doing away with some of the corruption that had caused the Reformation in the first place. What was the Council of Trent

5. Reform was needed because the Church had become corrupt, focusing more on gaining wealth than acting as a spiritual leader for the people of Europe. Problems included: Indulgences Pluralism Absenteeism Internal and External Power Struggles Why was reform of the Catholic Church needed?

6. He wanted to get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn. This would also allow him to gain more power and wealth within the boarders of his country. Why did Henry VIII break from Rome?

7. Each of Henry VIII’s children pursued a different religious policy. Edward VI: Being too young to really make his own decisions, his advisors pushed for further Protestant reform. Mary (Daughter of Catherine of Aragon): Tried to move the country back to Catholicism through forcing strict compliance with Catholic rules. Elizabeth I: Recognizing the need for moderation, while maintaining Protestantism, she pursued a policy of compromise between Catholic and Protestant beliefs. What happened to religion in England after Henry VIII’s death?

8. Paying another to carry out the duties of a Church office. Define Absenteeism

9. Forgiveness for sins committed. Luther was against them because he believed that it was wrong to force people to buy them because it is not possible to buy a place in Heaven. Define Indulgence. Explain Luther’s problem with them.

10. How does Calvin differ from Luther? ReligionKey Beliefs / Documents SacramentsKey People / Locations Church / State Relationship LUTHERANISM Saved by faith alone. No sale of indulgences Church attendance is not mandatory; instead individual prayer / Bible reading. No Purgatory Reject Papal Authority Two: 1.Baptism 2.Communion (Real presence) Martin Luther Huss / Wycliffe North Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark The state is more important than the church CALVINISM Predestination Prayer and work are the hallmarks of society Possession of luxury items indicate arrogance Two: 1.Baptism 2.Communion (Symbolic) John Calvin Nobles / Middle Class Located in eastern parts France, Scotland, England, Bohemia, the Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands The church is more important than the state

11. God has saved an "elect" group of people, but a person's actions during his or her lifetime indicates the likelihood of him being one of the elect. Basically, God already knows who is going to Heaven and Hell. Define Predestination

12. The English Reformation was based on political motivations (Wealth, Power, a Son), while the reformation in the rest of Europe centered around religious differences and debate. How was the English Reformation different from the rest of Europe?

13. 1. Justification by Faith: All you need to get into Heaven is Faith. 2. Equal Access to God: Anyone can have a personal relationship with God because anyone can be a priest. 3. Bible is the sole source of religious truth: While the clergy may help you, they do not have any special ability to interpret the Bible. 4. No Indulgences! You can’t buy your way into heaven. Explain 3 beliefs held by Luther

14. Ignatius of Loyola Who founded the Jesuits?

15. Radical Swiss Protestants who rejected the concept of a state church, lived as pacifists, and banned infant baptism. As a result, they were regarded as subversive and were persecuted by almost everyone. Who were the Anabaptists?

16. The holding of beliefs of actions that specifically go against the Catholic Church. Define Heresy

17. Original leader of reform in Switzerland who was considered so dangerous by the Catholic Church that after he died in battle, his body was burned and his ashes scattered around Europe. Afterwards, Calvin assumed leadership of his movement. Zwingli, who was more radical than Luther, believed that anything not in the Bible should be eliminated from worship, Communion was solely symbolic, church services in Latin caused religious superstition, and the Church could not grant salvation. Who was Ulrich Zwingli? What were his beliefs?

18. 1. Jesuits 2. Council of Trent 3. Reform of the Papacy What were the 3 Pillars of the Catholic Reformation?

19. What are the primary difference between Protestantism and Catholicism? CatholicismProtestantism  Saved by the grace of God alone through faith and works  You need to attend church, only valid authority for interpretation is the clergy.  Traditions, not just Scripture, are sources of doctrine  No salvation outside the Church  Papal authority  7 Sacraments  Salvation through faith alone.  Anyone can interpret the Bible. Equal access to God.  Pope cannot forgive sins.  Bible is the only sources of religious truth.  Clergy is not special  2 Sacraments

20. The holding of many Church offices. Define Pluralism

21. He was the Holy Roman Emperor responsible for calling the Diet of Worms in order to force Luther to answer for his crimes against the Church. The Diet ultimately led to the Edict of Worms which declared Martin Luther an outlaw. Who was Charles V?

22. The Monarch: As God’s representative on earth, they have final authority over all matters. Who is the most important individual in Anglicanism?

23. John Knox Who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland?

24. A government run by a religious council based on religious principles. 1 example of this is John Calvin’s Geneva, which was run according to the rules of the Consistory. The Consistory banned drinking, gambling, dancing, singing lewd songs, etc. Define Theocracy and provide 1 example.

25. By embracing Protestantism, many monarchs and princes throughout Europe were able to gain increased independence as they no longer were subject to the rule of the Pope. They gained more power within their countries and more wealth as they no longer had to contribute to the Church. List 3 political motives for the spread of Protestantism.