1. CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 18 Genomes and Their Evolution Questions prepared by Brad Stith, University of Colorado Denver Jung Choi, Georgia Institute of Technology Louise Paquin, McDaniel College

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of these criteria have been used in selecting species whose genomes have been sequenced? A.The species should be relevant for human health or well-being. B.The species should have a relatively small genome. C.The species should have an important ecological role. D.The species may yield key evolutionary insights. E.all of the above

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of these criteria have been used in selecting species whose genomes have been sequenced? A.The species should be relevant for human health or well-being. B.The species should have a relatively small genome. C.The species should have an important ecological role. D.The species may yield key evolutionary insights. E.all of the above

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following represent the shotgun approach to gene sequencing? (Choose more than one answer.) A.Sequence fragments of DNA. B.Purify mRNA; make DNA. C.Use a computer to align the overlap regions of DNA fragments. D.Combine DNA fragments with DNA ligase. E.Use a computer to clone genes.

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following represent the shotgun approach to gene sequencing? (Choose more than one answer.) A.Sequence fragments of DNA. B.Purify mRNA; make DNA. C.Use a computer to align the overlap regions of DNA fragments. D.Combine DNA fragments with DNA ligase. E.Use a computer to clone genes.

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is the known upper and lower size limits of genomes? A.1–2900 Mb B.1500–40,000 Mb C.100–580,000 Mb D.1–120,000 Mb E.100–200,000 Mb

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is the known upper and lower size limits of genomes? A.1–2900 Mb B.1500–40,000 Mb C.100–580,000 Mb D.1–120,000 Mb E.100–200,000 Mb

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proteins are made up of domains that are associated with a certain function. Different proteins have similar domains. If I have a partial nucleotide sequence for a domain in my unknown protein, I can use this to search for similar known sequences. Which of the following could help me guess the function of my unknown protein? A.Compare the unknown protein amino acid sequence with known amino acid sequences. B.View all three-dimensional shapes of known proteins, looking for a similarity. C.Use a computer program for comparing primers for PCR. D.Use a computer program to predict the amino acid sequence. E.Use BLAST to compare the unknown sequence to known sequences.

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proteins are made up of domains that are associated with a certain function. Different proteins have similar domains. If I have a partial nucleotide sequence for a domain in my unknown protein, I can use this to search for similar known sequences. Which of the following could help me guess the function of my unknown protein? A.Compare the unknown protein amino acid sequence with known amino acid sequences. B.View all three-dimensional shapes of known proteins, looking for a similarity. C.Use a computer program for comparing primers for PCR. D.Use a computer program to predict the amino acid sequence. E.Use BLAST to compare the unknown sequence to known sequences.

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Given the high degree of sequence similarity between the human and chimpanzee genomes, what might be the most important factor that drove hominid evolution in the past 6 million years? A.small changes in proteins that affect their function or activity in important ways B.changes in regulatory sequences that affect the timing and level of expression of genes C.evolution of a few novel protein-coding genes that play key roles in neural development D.gene duplication events that selectively expanded a set of genes favoring development of human traits E.all of the above

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Given the high degree of sequence similarity between the human and chimpanzee genomes, what might be the most important factor that drove hominid evolution in the past 6 million years? A.small changes in proteins that affect their function or activity in important ways B.changes in regulatory sequences that affect the timing and level of expression of genes C.evolution of a few novel protein-coding genes that play key roles in neural development D.gene duplication events that selectively expanded a set of genes favoring development of human traits E.all of the above

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What experimental technique could be used to test the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees have significantly different patterns of gene expression? A.comparison of promoter DNA sequences B.hybridization of RNA from various human and chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray containing all 21,000 human genes C.analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human and chimpanzee populations D.comparison of human disease alleles to chimpanzee homologs

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What experimental technique could be used to test the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees have significantly different patterns of gene expression? A.comparison of promoter DNA sequences B.hybridization of RNA from various human and chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray containing all 21,000 human genes C.analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human and chimpanzee populations D.comparison of human disease alleles to chimpanzee homologs

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. True or false? Most of the human genome sequence is made up of exons from different genes.

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Most of the human genome is made up of A.introns. B.repeats of DNA sections (e.g., Alu). C.nonrepeated noncoding DNA. D.promoters and regulatory sequences such as enhancers. E.repeats of DNA that does not jump to different chromosome locations.

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Most of the human genome is made up of A.introns. B.repeats of DNA sections (e.g., Alu). C.nonrepeated noncoding DNA. D.promoters and regulatory sequences such as enhancers. E.repeats of DNA that does not jump to different chromosome locations.

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Many pseudogenes (which no longer produce functional proteins) in vertebrate genomes lack introns. What process may account for such pseudogenes? Remember mRNA processing. A.gene duplication followed by DNA splicing to remove introns B.recombination between duplicated copies of genes C.reverse transcription of a processed mRNA and insertion of the cDNA copy to a new chromosomal location D.duplication events that involve just the exons E.unequal crossing over between duplicated copies of genes

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Many pseudogenes (which no longer produce functional proteins) in vertebrate genomes lack introns. What process may account for such pseudogenes? Remember mRNA processing. A.gene duplication followed by DNA splicing to remove introns B.recombination between duplicated copies of genes C.reverse transcription of a processed mRNA and insertion of the cDNA copy to a new chromosomal location D.duplication events that involve just the exons E.unequal crossing over between duplicated copies of genes

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The human genome has about 7,000 Alu elements not found in chimpanzees, whereas the chimpanzee genome has about 2,300 Alu elements not found in humans. How might the Alu elements influence human evolution? A.They may affect levels of expression of adjacent genes. B.They may create new alternative splicing variants of a protein. C.They may promote recombination events that induce chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and duplications. D.all of the above E.none of the above: Alu elements are “junk” DNA

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The human genome has about 7,000 Alu elements not found in chimpanzees, whereas the chimpanzee genome has about 2,300 Alu elements not found in humans. How might the Alu elements influence human evolution? A.They may affect levels of expression of adjacent genes. B.They may create new alternative splicing variants of a protein. C.They may promote recombination events that induce chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and duplications. D.all of the above E.none of the above: Alu elements are “junk” DNA