1. The fight against infectious diseases revision

2. Why did these diseases became enormous problems in the new industrial towns? Housing was overcrowded (often 10 people in one room) and often damp. There was little sanitation. Lack of fresh water – water was often contaminated with sewage. Poor diet, pollution and long working hours in factories weakened people’s resistance to diseases. Why don’t people in Britain suffer from these diseases today?

3. Killer diseases of the nineteenth century In the late 19th century three of the most dangerous killer diseases were small pox, cholera and tuberculosis. Cholera was nicknamed 'King Cholera' because no one seemed to be able to cure it. It first appeared in Britain in 1833. John Snow made the link between dirty water and Cholera but he could not use science to prove the link. Tuberculosis was known as the 'White Death' because sufferers vomited up white matter as their lungs disintegrated. The government took a laissez-faire attitude to public health however reformers were linking dirt with disease and were calling for improved public health facilities in the cramped filthy industrial towns. The fight against infectious diseases would lead to improvements in public health from the 1870’s onwards.

4. INNOCULATION Discovered by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu whilst living in Turkey. Introduced the idea to Britain in 1718. It was popular and well used many doctors made profits from it although it could be fatal. It involved cutting a patients arm and allowing a thread soaked in infected pus to come into contact with the wound. Patient hopefully caught a milder form of the disease

5. Side effects of inoculation The danger was that some people went on to develop the more serious smallpox and died. In 1783 the son of King George 111 died in this way.

6. Edward Jenner (1749–1823) trained as a doctor in London. He set up practice in Gloucestershire and, like other doctors, offered smallpox inoculation to his patients. Jenner was surprised to find that many people refused the inoculation. Jenner wondered whether inoculating patients with cowpox would give them immunity against smallpox. He injected James Phipps with pus from Sarah Nelmes cow pox in 1796 Jenner could not explain how his vaccination worked According to local folklore, those who had had cowpox (a cattle disease passed on to dairymaids and other farm workers) never caught smallpox. Edward Jenner and vaccination

7. Spontaneous Generation By 1800 some doctors were beginning to speculate about germs or micro- organisms. This was mainly due to the invention of the microscope. Those doctors that believed germs existed believed they were the result of disease and not the cause of it! This idea was called spontaneous generation.

8. Louis Pasteur and germ theory Pasteur trained as a chemist in Paris and then developed an interest in biology. He called these germs because they were germinating, or growing. His theory was that these germs were causing the decay. He worked at Lille University, in the heart of an industrial area. There he specialized in fermentation. He investigated why vats of beer kept going bad at a local brewery. Pasteur discovered it was because of micro-organisms in the beer.

9. Germ theory v spontaneous generation Pasteur now had to prove his theory. In competition with French scientist Pouchet. Conducted an experiment showing that microbes in the air caused decay. SWAN NECK FLASK. When water heated the warm air was pushed out of the flask around the bend in the neck. The curved neck trapped the air and the germs. When the neck was broken the air and germs rushed in and decay set in 1861 published his ‘germ theory’

10. Spontaneous generation and germ theory

11. WHAT DID PEOPLE BELIEVE CAUSED DISEASE?

12. International rivalry-Franco- Prussian war Pasteurs advice to seek the microbe and the new science of bacteriology was established These MICROBE HUNTERS led to vaccinations for a range of animal and later human diseases. 1880 Pasteur began work on chicken cholera vaccinations with a team of scientists. Charles Chamberlain was in charge of vaccinating chickens with cholera. He went on holiday leaving the cholera in dishes uncovered. When he came back he vaccinated a chicken with it and it didn’t die. He tried a new stronger batch and it didn’t die. Pasteur concluded that a weak form of a disease could protect animal from a stronger does = VACCINATION

13. 1881 ANTHRAX EXPERIMENT AT POUILLY-LE-FORT Challenged by journalists to publicly test anthrax vaccination 5 th May 1881-60 sheep. 25 were inoculated with a weak does of anthrax. All 50 were then given the deadly anthrax disease. 10 sheep were left alone for a comparison. By 2 nd june the 25 sheep who were innoculated were still alive those who had not been were dead Reports were immediately sent around the world using the electric telegraph

14. Rabies vaccination 1882 team created to work on rabies vaccination Used rabbits spines-dried them 1885 by chance Joseph Meister arrived at the clinic Vaccinated and survived

15. His rival : Robert Koch Koch took Pasteur’s work a step further. He would spend his working life looking to link particular germs to particular diseases. His first major breakthrough came in 1875 when he identified the microbe for anthrax. With the development of technology he discovered microbes that had preciously been invisible to the most powerful microscopes. He even developed ways of staining the microbes with dyes so he could calculate their life span and rates of reproduction. In 1882 he discovered the germ that caused tuberculosis. (TB) In 1883 he discovered the germ that caused cholera. He then moved onto examining the microbe that caused blood poisoning (Septicaemia).

16. Robert Koch He worked on a vaccine for TB called Tuberculin but this failed and his career then waned. His team carried on though. By 1900 he and his students had identified 21 germs causing diseases. With his work he ‘proved’ what the real cause of disease was. This paved the way for other scientists to take up the challenge and conduct research. Many did just that….

17. Scientists could look for ways of both curing and preventing infectious disease 1909 first magic bullet discovered by Paul Ehrlich and his team. This was Salvarsan 606 and it cured syphilis 1928 Alexander Flemming identified the penicillin mould Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed the study further – penicillin mass produced during WWII

18. FACTORS War because… Chance because Government because Knowledge of Others because Individual genius because