1. + Transportation Planning Definitions and Contexts Transportation Planning Asian Institute of Technology

2. + Contents Introduction Definitions Multimodal Perspective Defining Goals and Objectives Types and Characteristics of Transportation Traditional Four-step Transportation Planning

3. + Introduction Public Policy and Planning Problem Analysis and Definitions Defining and Integrating Goals Parameters Calibration and Demand Forecast Defining Approach Detailed Plan Investigation and Preliminary Feasibility Evaluation Operation Performance Evaluation Implementation

4. + Introduction Public Policy and Planning Study and evaluate existing traffic and transport condition. (Define problems). Set target. Take into account land use and environmental issues. (Define and Integrate Goals) Calibrate parameters. Test scenarios. Evaluate policies. (Predict and Forecast Future Condition. Detailed Plan Investigation and Preliminary Feasibility Evaluation) Put selected plan into practice. Monitor and evaluate the outcome. (Operation Performance Evaluation and Implementation)

5. + Definition of Transportation Planning Different transportation processes are underway at a given time: Transit planner Traffic engineer Regional planner Individual emplyees Etc. Same purpose Generate useful information to decision makers Many groups of decision makers  fit all activities together.

6. + Definition of Transportation Planning Boulding’s proposition 1. The world moves into future as a result of decisions, not a result of plans 2. All decisions involve the evaluation of alternative images of the future, and the selection of the most highly valued of feasible alternative. 3. Evaluations and decisions are influenced by the degree of uncertainty associated with expected consequences. 4. The products of planning should be designed to increase the chance of making better decision. 5. The result of planning is some form of communication with decision maker.

7. + Definition of Transportation Planning  Provide information desired by decision makers and information needed to provide better understanding of the problem and implications of solutions.  The transportation planning process should be flexible in responding to changes, yet continue with a long-range perspective.  Transportation planning focuses on:  Balancing many competing visions of what the future should look like, and  Developing an inform program of action among competing interests.

8. + Definition of Transportation Planning  Transportation planning is defined as a process.  Transportation planning should assess opportunities as well as limitations of the future.  Transportation planning should include a short-range and long-range perspective.  Plan evaluation is based on goals, objectives and performance measures.  Decision makers are the elected/appointed government officials. Stakeholders, communities, businesses, users and citizen can have a significant influence on the outcome.

9. + Multimodal Perspective Early urban transportation planning strategy focused on highway network expansion. Policies in 60’s and 70’s geared toward a more modally balanced urban transportation system, but lack of proper tools. Recent transportation laws, regulations and policies have encouraged the development of a multimodal transportation planning process.

10. + Multimodal Perspective A multimodal transportation system consists of many modal transportation networks. Road Pedestrian Bus Rail/Metro Bicycle Communication Network Land use

11. + Multimodal Perspective No single solution to the transportation problems in urban area. Intelligent transportation systems Transit facilities and services Intermodal facilities Traffic engineering Highway capacity Bike/walkways Supply Management Planning and zoning Phasing adequacy Alternative work schedules PricingAlternative modes Alternative work locations Employer support programs Land Use Management Demand Management Urban design Mixed use Density Community Goals

12. + Multimodal Perspective Managing Transportation System Supply Adding facility or making operational changes to improve system performance/safety. Intelligent transportation system. These actions can significantly reduce congestion levels. In long term it would have serious implications: Provision of metropolitan mobility Encourage use of automobile.

13. + Multimodal Perspective Managing Transportation Demand Actions to influence intensity, timing and spatial distribution of transportation demand. Reduce impact of traffic or enhance mobility. Demand reduction efforts usually have only a local impact, unless undertaken in a massive scale.

14. + Multimodal Perspective Managing Land Use Trip-making patterns, volumes and modal distributions are functions of land use. Spatial distribution greatly affects regional travel patterns. Transportation system and accessibility greatly affect land use distribution. Land use management works well with other supporting policies.

15. + Needs for Transport Planning Transportation drives social activities. Promotes industrial and agricultural growth. Increase educational, recreational and social opportunities Create social equity Create unity of cities and nation.

16. + Needs for Transport Planning Wasted resources – money, time, opportunity, convenience and quality of life. Solutions Construct transport infrastructure Reduce travel demand Congestion = Imbalance between travel demand and transportation supply

17. + Goal Definitions and Performance Measures M. Wachs and J.L. Schofer (1969) Values – Social drives that influence human behavior Goals – Social demand connecting environment to values without measurement. Objectives – Demand corresponding to goals which is quantifiable and measurable. Measures of Effectiveness – measurable index indicating level of success in comparison of the objectives Standards – Lowest acceptable level of MOE

18. + Goal Definitions and Performance Measures ValueGoal Objective s Measures Survival Travel Cost Reduction Improve Mass Transit Quality Enhance Road Network Facility Increase Travel Safety Order Increase Passenger Capacity of the System Reduce Traffic Volume in the Network Improve Service Puctuality Reduce Passenger Expenses Punctual ity Proporti on Idle Vehicle Proporti on Collision per 10 6 veh-km Fatality per 10 6 pax-km Passeng ers per Hour Average Delay per Vehicle Average Occupan cy Fare per Passeng er-km

19. + Trip Characteristics Purpose Work Shopping School Business Social and Recreation Trip Ends Home-based trips are trips with either origin or destination end at home. Home-based work Home-based shop Home-based school Home-based others Non-home-based trips are other trips with neither end at home.

20. + Trip Characteristics Factors Affecting Trip Characteristics (1) Land Use Land use characteristics: commercial, residential, industrial, government Activity density 80% of the trips are home-based Socioeconomic characteristics Household size Vehicle ownership Residential type Individual/family income

21. + Trip Characteristics Factors Affecting Trip Characteristics (2) Transportation Supply Characteristics Roadway Capacity Highway/Tolls Public Transportation Other factors Traffic management and policy Taxes and rents

22. + Trip Characteristics Distribution of Urban Trips Temporal Distribution Spatial Distribution Modal Distribution

23. + Trip Characteristics Temporal Distribution of Trip Making Urban trip volumes take double peak according to arriving and leaving the offices, or with an additional peak at lunchtime. Bangkok morning peak is normally higher than evening peak Cities with clear zoning usually experience directional peak. Transportation planning aims to cope with these peaks.

24. + Trip Characteristics Spatial Distribution of Trip Making Trips characteristics are different by land use and transportation infrastructure/system. Travel distance (kilometers) or travel time reflects settlement of residence and employment. Good urban planning reduces travel distance.

25. + Trip Characteristics Modal Distribution of Trip Making Each city has different mode share. Urban planning, transportation infrastructure planning and socioeconomic/cultural characteristics affect mode choice. Policies such as car-pool program, road pricing or parking charge also influence mode choice.

26. + Automobile- vs. Transit- Oriented Cities Washington DCLondon

27. + Travel Demand Studies Travel Demand Analysis include define scope of study and collect data to study mechanism and factors affecting travel characteristics. The results will be used to develop and calibrate model that reflects relationship between theses factors and travel demand. Travel Demand Forecast include use the model to calculate future travel demand under scenarios and assumptions of population growth, land use, transportation network development and future transportation policy.

28. + Travel Demand Studies Four-step Transportation Planning Traffic Assignment ij Trip Generation ij Pj,AjPj,Aj Pi,AiPi,Ai Trip Distribution ij TijTij TjiTji TjyTjy T yj TxiTxi TjxTjx Modal Split (Mode Choice) ij T ij, m1 T ij, m2 T ij, m3

29. + Four-step Transportation Planning Trip Generation Zonal Trips Trip Distributio n Modal Split Distance btw Zones Air Trip Matrix Train Trip Matrix Bus Trip Matrix Auto Trip Matrix Mode Characteri stics Trip Matrix Socioecon omics Trip Assignmen t Route Capacity Link Traffic

30. + Travel Supply Mobility vs. Accessibility Mobility: how far you can go in a given time. Accessibility: how many useful or valuable things you can do. Cul-de-sac WalkLocal Bicycle Minor Arterial Light Rail/BRT Major Arterial Metro Highway/Fre eway High Speed Rail Collector Bus ACCESSIBILI TY MOBILIT Y unrestrict ed access Complete access control Increasing use for access purpose Decreasing degree of access control Increasing proportion of through traffic Increase speed No through traffic Little local traffic

31. + Assignment #1 Discuss the following Bangkok transportation Highway, Arterials, Collectors Urban Mass Transit Taxi, Motorcycle-Taxi Other Mode Connection such as Train and Airplane