1. Great Depression Focus on stock market crash Causes of Great Depression Social Impact (widespread suffering and joblessness) Varied Federal Responses: Hoover v. FDR (New Deal) focus on recovery and relief Legacies: U.S. infrastructure; role of executive; cultural legacies; on-going debate of government’s role in intervening into the health of the U.S. economy

2. Unemployed Workers in Camden, New Jersey: Typical scene reflecting large population of unemployed in desperate need of work and looking for jobs (1935)

3. Stock Market Crash: Marks beginning of Great Depression Causes of Crash: lack of regulation; wild speculation=inflated values of stocks leads to borrowing on the margin; dramatic selling off of stocks. Downward spiral of selling off stocks (psychological impact) Impact of crash on banks: investors don’t have cash to pay off banks; banks don’t have cash to pay off depositors. No separation between investment and depositor banks cause problem to go viral

4. Rush on banks; FDR calls for a bank holiday

5. Causes of Great Depression International Economic Instability (European war debt) Structural Weakness ( weak sectors of economy, e.g., agriculture) Extreme Unequal Distribution of Wealth Stock Speculation/ lack of regulation/crash Lack of economic intelligence presidential cabinet to deal with the magnitude of crisis

6. Human Suffering: Bread and Soup Lines, 1932

7. Human Suffering Cont’d: Unemployed: photo of idle man dressed in worn coat lying down on pier: New York City dock (1935)

8. Human suffering cont’d Increased crime, malnourishment Homeless WWI vets without pensions Laborers with no rights to organize Difference between urban and rural poverty

9. “Hoovervilles” Hoover’s 3- pronged approach: Self help; volunteerism; localism Recovery acts fail (e.g. lend money to banks)

10. FDR and the New Deal New Deal doesn’t end the depression but he serves as a paternal figure of hope. His presidency changes role of executive branch forever

11. Agricultural Adjustment Act Features: subsidies Displace sharecroppers Considered odd, e.g., killing hogs as segments of the country starved

12. Dust Bowl Migration, John Steinbeck’s, Grapes of Wrath, 1937

13. Squatter Camp in California, 1936

14. Young Oklahoma Mother (age 18) stranded with infant, Imperial Valley, California 1937

15. National Industrial Recovery Act Section 7A Helps industrial workers Prototype of Wagner Act of 1935 Spurs union mobilization; gives workers courage to strike if employers won’t bargain in good faith A string of strikes rage in 1934 Leaves out ‘factories in the field’

16. Labor unrest in 1934 : Minneapolis; Ohio (Battle of Toledo); San Francisco

17. Police and strikers battle: San Francisco, California (1934)

18. Phase 2 of the New Deal (focuses on relief) "Unemployed insured workers registering for jobs and filing benefit claims at a State employment office"

19. Social Security Act 1935

20. Works Progress Administration to Work Projects Administration in 1939

21. Topeka, Kansas. Works Progress Administration (WPA) mattress making project., ca. 1936 - ca. 1942

22. Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana. Education, blind work. Blind Works Progress Administration (WPA) worker operating Braille machine at the Indiana State Library., ca. 1936 - ca. 1942

23. Marshall, Harrison County, Texas. Education. WPA Literacy class at Park School. Night class., 05/15/1939

24. Hoover Dam, 1931-1936

25. Federal Writers Project E.g., John Steinbeck, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Ralph Ellison, Anzia Yezierska

26. A play on an iconic image of FDR: Media invokes FDR’s cultural (ideological ) legacy to mark the inauguration of President Obama in 2009