1. Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon: Considered one of the world’s greatest leaders. Mrs. Stoffl World History 10/5/15

2. Objectives  Determine how Napoleon came to power in France  Understand how Napoleon came to control neighboring countries as a part of the French Empire  Analyze Napoleon’s successes and failures

3. Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?  Born in 1769: island of Corsica (in Med.)  At age 9 he was sent to military school  Age 16 he graduated… lieutenant in the artillery  Joined the army of the new government when the Revolution started

4. Hero of the Hour  October 1795: Royalist rebels marched on the National Convention  NB put in charge of defending the delegates  Took down thousands of royalists w/cannons and other artillery  w/in minutes the royalists fled in panic  NB famous throughout Paris for this success

5. Napoleon leads French Army  1796: Directory appoints NB to lead a French Army against Austria  Crosses the Alps and wins a remarkable series of battles in Italy  Napoleon presses on to Egypt to protect French trade interests and disrupt British trade w/India  Loses to Horatio Nelson of the British but is able to keep this out of the French press  Returns to Paris as a hero

6. Napoleon Takes the Legislature:  By 1799: Directory lost control of the political situation in France + lost confidence of the ppl  Urged by his friends to seize control upon his arrival back from Egypt NB strikes in early November, 1799:  Napoleon’s army surrounds the legislature and drives out most of its members  The remaining members vote to dissolve the Directory

7. Coup d‘Etat  In place of the Directory: 3 consuls (diplomats)  One of which was Napoleon  He quickly took the title of first consul and assumed the powers of a dictator  Coup d‘Etat: a sudden overthrow of a government and seizure of complete power  “blow to the state”

8. War with Prussia, Austria etc. Continues:  1799: Britain, Austria, Russia join forces w/ one goal  drive Napoleon from power.  Napoleon took his troops and fought for 3 years  1802 – Treaties were signed b/w the countries and Europe at peace  Napoleon can now focus on restoring order in France

9. Napoleon Rules France  1800 Plebiscite: Vote of the people to approve a new constitution (appeared democratic)…?  Effectively gave Napoleon all power as first consul  He kept some of the changes that came w/ the revolution:  maintained laws that would strengthen the gov’t and achieve some goals of the revolution

10. Restoring Order at Home  1. Strengthen the Economy  Established a national banking system and an efficient method of tax collection  Allowed for more control of the money and a steady supply of tax money  2. End Corruption  Dismissed corrupt officials  Set up lycees: or gov’t-run public school to provide the gov’t w/well trained officials  Open to male students of ALL backgrounds  Graduates appointed on basis of merit not family background/connection

11. Restoring Order at Home (cont’d)  3. Church  Disregarded revolution changes  Clergy + peasants wanted to restore the Church’s power  ∴ NB signed a concordat or agreement w/ Pope Pius VII Relationship b/w church and state:  Gov’t recognized the influence of the Church but did not allow any church interference/control in national affairs  Gained NB support of the Church and a majority of the French people Bishop marries Napoleon & Josephine

12. Restoring Order at Home (continued)  4. Napoleonic Code (aka the Civil Code of France)  Uniform system of laws for France & eliminated many injustices  But actually limited liberty, promoted order + authority over individual rights (very Hobbesian)  Freedom of speech and press restricted under the code  Reduced most if not all power that women had (probably due to his Napoleon’s syndrome)  Restored slavery in French colonies in Caribbean  Did allow for private ownership and protection of property

13. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor  1804: Napoleon decided to make himself Emperor, and French ppl readily agreed  December 2, 1804 walked down the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and took the crown from the Pope and placed it on his own head!  Signaled the Napoleon was more powerful than the church

14. Napoleon Creates an Empire  In addition to France, NB wanted to control the rest of Europe + reassert French power in the Americas  Western Empire of Louisiana, Florida, French West Indies, French Guiana  Needed to gain Saint Domingue (now Haiti)…

15. Loss of American Territories  Revolutionary ideas reached Saint Domingue in 1789 + demanded that the Nat’l Assembly grant them to same power at French citizens  Enslaved Africans also demanded their freedom  Civil war broke out and Toussaint L’Ouverture (who led the army of the enslaved Africans) seized control of the colony  1801: Napoleon tries to takes back the colony and reestablish its sugar industry  French forces plagued by disease + rebels fought hard  ∴ NB failed to seize the island

16. Power of the U.S. – Thank you, Napoleon  Napoleon cuts his losses w/the Americas and sells the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 for $15 million  $$$ to help in Europe  Punish the British: the sale “assures forever the power of the United States…I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.”

17. Conquering Europe  Napoleon turned his attention to Europe  Annexed the Austrian Netherlands, parts of Italy, and set up a puppet gov’t in Switzerland  British were fearful of his goals ∴ Britain persuaded Russia, Austria + Sweden to join them against France  Napoleonic Wars: Literally crushed his opposition and by 1810 he signed peace treaties w/ Russia, Austria, and Prussia…now allied with NB  Page 232

18. Conquering Europe  Battle of Austerlitz (1805): Napoleon destroyed the larger Russian and Austrian Army, one of his greatest victories  His enemies could not predict his next move, took heavy losses  France forced the Russians to retreat and forced Austria to sign a peace treaty w/ France  Napoleon built the largest European Empire since the Romans  Britain: last one standing…this will drive NB crazy!

19. Battle of Austerlitz

20. Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon’s first major loss:  Naval defeat   British commander Horatio Nelson was as skilled and brilliant in warfare of the sea as Napoleon was on land  Nelson destroyed the larger French fleet by splitting them up and capturing many  ∴ ensured the supremacy of the British navy for 100 years  Also, Napoleon had to give up his plans of invading Britain  Obsession w/ capturing Britain would eventually lead to Napoleon’s downfall!

21. Battle of Trafalgar

22. The French Empire  Virtually controlled Europe for the first decade of the 1800s.  He only didn’t control: Britain, Portugal, Ottoman Empire, and Sweden  NB also controlled several “independent” countries thru puppet gov’ts in which many were controlled and ruled by members of his family  Spain, Warsaw, several German Kingdoms  Russia, Prussia, and Austria had alliances w/NB + were easily manipulated by military threats

23. The Huge French Empire  Huge but unstable, 1807-1812 he was able to maintain control but then sudden collapse…

24. For 7.4: 1812