1. Coping with Stress 1.Outline two stressors and evaluate one strategy for coping with stress 2.Outline the procedures used in TWO strategies that humans can use to cope with stress. Compare the effectiveness of these strategies.

2. Coping Strategies Folkman & Lazarus –Problem-Focused, Emotion Focused Social Support –Emotional, informational, practical support Kabat –Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

3. Folkman & Lazarus People’s appraisal of their own situation and their ability to cope with it impact coping strategy Problem-Focused –Best in situations that are perceived as controllable Emotion-Focused –Best in situations that are perceived as uncontrollable

4. Social Support Related to emotion- focused coping –Buffer against physiological and psychological stress response Examples –In-group, partner, friends, relatives Perception of support is stronger than actual social support

5. Types of Social Support Emotion support –Listening, empathizing –Verbal, non-verbal communication of caring Informational support –Advice and information to help a person Practical support –Tangible assistance Transportation, financial, help with chores

6. Neuling and Winefield, 1988 AIM: role of social support in female breast cancer patients Method: Longitudinal study –Interviews –Survey: rate frequency of social support (all three types) Results –Family support was most frequent –Wished for more informational support from doctors –Not cause and effect: no evidence it actually impacted course of cancer Implications –Social support can be beneficial to adjusting to the stress of cancer

7. Discussion Do you think individuals should be able to receive a prescription to carry their dog/cat everywhere to help them cope with stress and anxiety?

8. Allen et al.. 1999 Aim: investigate whether owning a pet reduces stress Participants: Male and Females who live alone and suffered from mental stress Method: –IV: Dog or Cat added to the treatment for high stress –DV: blood pressure and heart rate Results: –More stable with a pet Especially with a limited social network

9. Evaluation of Social Support Humans and pets can be social support More common among women Perception of support is important Cultural norms –Seek and use advice and emotional support Taylor et al, 2007 –Asians benefited less from social support

10. MBSR Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Connected to Lazarus’ theory of coping –Emotion-focused coping Deals with the physical and emotional aspects of stress –Gradual relaxation –Problem-focused coping Learn new skills to combat stress Goal –Awareness of the moment to avoid negative thinking

11. Shapiro et al., 1998 AIM: impact of MBSR to control exam stress Method: Experiment –2 groups: those in an MBSR training course and those on the wait list Procedure: –Step one: initial measure of stress and level of empathy (no difference between groups) –Step two: measure stress at the end of the term Results –MBSR class had less stress than at the beginning of the term Course taught them to cope Limitation –Not applicable to everyone, you need to be willing

12. Grossman et al., 2003 Method: Meta Analysis of 20 controlled studies on MBSR Results –MBSR can be helpful to a wide range of people Clinical and nonclinical problems

13. Evaluation of MBSR Strategy is cost- effective and time- efficient –Supports adaptation and adjustment to stress Gaining strength –Increase in research studies Research is promising for cancer patients –More research needed

14. Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) Cognitive Approach: change thought processes (Meichenbaum) –Training comes before stressful event –Therapy Three Phases –Conceptualization phase –Skills acquisition and rehearsal phase –Application and follow through phase

15. Three Phases 1.Conceptualization phase –Socratic approach –Stress is a problem to be solved –Re-conceptualization: plan to combat stress 2.Skills acquisition and rehearsal phase – skills for coping are offered and practiced Relaxation, social support, problem solving 3.Application and follow through phase –Imagine stressful events and apply skills Imagery and role playing *** Practice***

16. Evaluation of SIT Accepts that stress is unavoidable Tailored therapy to the individual Emphasizes emotional and cognitive awareness Based cooperation (client & therapist) Individual responses to stress vary Lots of time and money High level of commitment and motivation Cultural differences: –North America  promote empowerment –Not all cultures encourage discussion of feelings and private thoughts

17. Yoga Holistic approach to stress reduction –Incorporates physical, cognitive and spiritual concepts –Promote awareness Types –Asana: physical flexibility and meditation –Pranayama: energy control through breathing (breath meditation)

18. Hartfiel et al., 2010 Hypothesis: Yoga increases physical and emotional well-being Method: experiment –IV: dru yoga (breathing, relaxation, meditation)for 6 weeks –DV: psychological tests measuring mood and well- being Results: –Increase in clear-mindedness, composure, energy and confidence

19. Evaluation Provides physical and emotional support –Physical exercise –Social outlet –Education about the body May be limited –Stress is usually specific to the person, yoga isn’t Must internalize the teaching –Cultural and personal limitations