1. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
Nucleic Acids
Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Composed of nucleotides
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
2 types-
DNA
Stores genetic info
RNA
Makes proteins
Function
Holds the instructions for the entire cell

2. DNA
The universal code that stores genetic information in all organisms
Similarities in organisms are due to common ancestry
DNA Replication
Semi-conservative
Bases in original strand are split and new nucleotides complementary base pair to form 2 new strands.
Each strand is ½ old and ½ new
Main Enzyme: DNA polymerase
H bonds hold the two strands together (easily broken)
DNA Nucleotide Bases:
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

3. Mutations in DNA Mutations are ANY change in the DNA sequence
Chromosomal mutations
take place when the number of chromosomes changes or when structural changes occur in the chromosomes
Inversion, duplication, deletion, translocation, point mutation
Gene mutations
a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime

4. Protein synthesis- Transcription and Translation
DNA is used as a template to make RNA and ultimately proteins.
Transcription
The process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA.
Takes place in the nucleus
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and proteins are made.
Takes place at the ribosome (rRNA)
tRNA read mRNA and delivers the amino acids
RNA Nucleotide Bases:
Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine

5. Universal Genetic Code
Decode DNA using CODONS!
A CODON is 3 nucleotide bases.
tRNA reads the codons on the mRNA and delivers the amino acids

6. DNA replication vs Protein Synthesis
What would be the replicated DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA -GCGTATG-
Answer:
new DNA -CGCATAC-
What would be the mRNA and tRNA be for the following DNA sequence? DNA= -AGGTTA- Answer: mRNA= -UCCAAU- tRNA = -AGGUUA-

7. What cell activity is depicted on the figure?
ATP production
DNA replication
Protein Synthesis
Transcription

8. The process of converting the genetic message from DNA into _________ is called transcription.
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Nucleic acids
How many amino acids are in the human body and what do we call the bond that holds them together when making a protein?
64; peptide bond
20; peptide bond
20; ionic bond
64; ionic bond

9. A single strand of DNA contains the following nine nucleotides in the order ACT TAT GGA. What sequence of bases will be present on the complementary strand of DNA?
UGA AUA CCT
ACT TAT GGA
ACU UAU GGA
TGA ATA CCT
In humans, insulin is manufactured in the pancreas. Insulin is a peptide hormone that causes the body's cells to take up glucose. The blueprint for the polypeptide chain that is insulin is found in the __________ of specialized pancreatic cells.
DNA
mRNA
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

10. Given the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases TTAGCCTTG, give the complementary mRNA produced during transcription.
TTAGCCTTG
AAGGUAGUA
AAUCGGAAC
AATCGGAAC
Identify the correct sequence of molecules, as a gene goes from coded information in the nucleus, to the product the cell wants to make.
DNA -> messenger RNA -> transfer RNA -> protein
DNA -> transfer RNA -> messenger RNA -> protein
DNA -> transfer RNA -> protein -> messenger RNA
Protein -> messenger RNA -> transfer RNA -> DNA

11. Why is DNA replication is considered semiconservative?
Mutations can happen causing only part of the DNA to be the same as before.
Each half of the old DNA strand serves as a template for the new growing strand causing the copied DNA to be ½ old; ½ new.
Only part of the genome will get copied.
After replication, all old DNA strand will be broken down.

12. A section of DNA is transcribed to produce a strand of mRNA
A section of DNA is transcribed to produce a strand of mRNA. The original DNA has the following sequence of nitrogen bases: ATG GCC CAA TCG TGA Due to a point mutation, transcription results in the mRNA sequence of: UAC CGG GUU AGU ACU Transcription in this case will result in
a mutated protein that is potentially harmful.
the correct sequence of amino acids in the synthesized protein.
a situation where protein synthesis does not "stop" translating.
the incorrect sequence of amino acids in the synthesized protein.