1. Working Procedure with Ionizing Radiation 1

2. Introduction Introduction Classification of Areas Classification of Areas Safe Handling/Use of Safe Handling/Use of - X-ray Machine - X-ray Machine - Sealed Source (Nuclear Gauge) - Sealed Source (Nuclear Gauge) - Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application - Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application - Unsealed Sources - Unsealed Sources Actions in Abnormal/Emergency Situation Actions in Abnormal/Emergency Situation Storage of Radioactive Materials Storage of Radioactive Materials Summary Summary CONTENT 2

3. Types of Ionizing Radiation Alpha Particles Stopped by a sheet of paper Beta Particles Stopped by a layer of clothing or less than an inch of a substance (e.g. plastic) Gamma Rays Stopped by inches to feet of concrete or less than an inch of lead (depends on energies) Radiation Source 3

4.  Biological risks: Somatic effect genetic effect  IR need to handle WITH CARE no harm to the user, public and the environment as well as for future generation 4 Objective :

5. Safety : Take all necessary measures to ensure protection of person within the practices/premise: (i) keeping doses ALARA during normal exposures (ii) preventing ACCIDENTAL exposures 5

6. AREA CLASSIFICATION  Primary mechanism for the restriction of radiation doses  Control of access to areas where there is a potential for significant exposure 6

7. 1.Clean Area 2. Supervised Area : Unlikely to exceed one-tenth of the ADL (i.e. 2 mSv @ 1.0  Sv.hr -1 ) : NO SPECIAL arrangement : 40 hrs per week and 50 weeks per year : Exceeding one-tenth but not more than three-tenth of the ADL : Supervision of personnel & medical check up (min once in every 5 years) : Routine area monitoring program Note: Periodic monitoring should be carried out in and around the supervised area. This helps to ensure that conditions are kept under review 7

8. 3. Controlled Area * Restricted Area : Exceeding three-tenth of the ADL : Medical check up (min once in every 3 years) & routine personnel monitoring : Routine area monitoring program : Routine training : Exceeding 3.0  Sv.hr -1 : ONLY Authorized personnel : Stringent precaution; limited time, use of protective equipment or extra radiation monitoring devices 8

9.  X-ray Machine  X-ray Machine  Sealed Source  Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application  Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application TYPE AND USE  Unsealed Sources 9

10. 1. Use of X-ray machine 10

11. Before Operation of Machine RPO is responsible for: making all working procedures are available Provides safety key to operator for room & machine Survey meter function reliably & valid calibration Radiation warning sign posted 11

12. During Operation of Machine RPO should ensure: NO ENTRY of unauthorized personnel Warning light is ON All radiation workers wear FILM BADGE Radiation room is VACANT during operation Radiation lamp is OFF before allowing entry into radiation room. Use survey meter to confirm. NO over-writing of interlock system. 12

13. After Operation of Machine Operators must ensure that: All indicators on panels are in OFF position Remove safety keys & OFF main supply LOCK entrance door & hand keys to RPO 13

14. 2. Safe handling of SEALED SOURCE (in Nuclear Gauge) Handle with care ALARA ( shielding, distance & time) Carefully planned Clearly marked Record keeping Responsible person Storage/condition of the source Gamma rays Detector 14

15. Normal Operating Procedure a) No eating, drinking or smoking in controlled area. No form of food / beverage shall be carried into controlled area b) All worker shall wear Personnel Dosimeter c) Radiation sources should be handled in such a way that the location of the source (nuclear gauges) is known at all time. 15

16. Normal Operating Procedure d) A register of all the sources should be made and kept by RPO i) type, activity and serial number of the source ii) Nature of the source (gaseous, liquid or solid) and its purchase date iii) movement and usage of source iv) other relevant information e) Properly labeled or marked with clearly visible label bearing sign of "CAUTION; RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL". Label should display information such as i) The type and activity of the source ii) Surface dose rate iii) Notified (RPO) in case of emergency. 16

17. Normal Operating Procedure f) Restrict the movement at radiation area, barrier, warning sign, access lock shall be used g) RPO to brief all workers about the safety measures to be taken in the controlled area. h) Sources shall be tested once a year (LEAK TEST) and certificate of testing to be kept by RPO for 5 years. i) Damage/leakage sources shall no longer be used until it is properly inspected and repaired. 17

18. 3. Use of Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application Only authorized personnel < 3  Sv/hr – radiation worker Boundary < 0.5  Sv/hr – public ALARA - even for workers Remote control equipment Source retrieved into a shielded container when not in use 18

19. – Upon completion of work, the device should be switched OFF and the shutter CLOSED and LOCKED before moving out of the work site. – Arrangements for transportation should be made according to the Transport Regulations. – Movement of the device should be recorded in the source inventory and the RPO is informed about the conclusion of the work. 3. Use of Ionizing Radiation in Outdoor Application 19

20.  Upon completion of work, the device should be switched OFF and the shutter CLOSED and LOCKED before moving out of the work site.  Arrangements for transportation should be made according to the Transport Regulations.  Movement of the device should be recorded in the source inventory and the RPO is informed about the conclusion of the work. Normal Operating Procedure

21. 21 Mandatory Requirement Wearing of the film badge/TLD badge/pocket Dosimeter Wearing of the film badge/TLD badge/pocket Dosimeter The use of survey meter The use of survey meter Preliminary boundary determination Preliminary boundary determination Place radiation signs & barriers Place radiation signs & barriers Make test shot to test boundary exposure limit. Make test shot to test boundary exposure limit.

22. Procedure for Moving Radioactive Materials within and outside Premises Transportation of radioactive materials should be arranged, prepared and carried out according to the requirements of the Radiation Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989. Transportation of radioactive materials should be arranged, prepared and carried out according to the requirements of the Radiation Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989. These Regulations, do not apply to radioactive materials: These Regulations, do not apply to radioactive materials: moved within the premise of a licensee; moved within the premise of a licensee; injected or administered into a human body as part of a medical diagnosis or treatment; injected or administered into a human body as part of a medical diagnosis or treatment; implanted in a human body as a radioisotopic device; and implanted in a human body as a radioisotopic device; and used as an integral part of a vehicle. used as an integral part of a vehicle. 22

23. 4. Safe Handling of Unsealed Source Protective Clothing Protective Clothing Working Area (min supervise area) Working Area (min supervise area) Manipulation of Radioactive Material Manipulation of Radioactive Material Relevant Safety equipments Relevant Safety equipments 23

24. Actions in Abnormal/Emergency Situation Actions in Abnormal/Emergency Situation If machine involved; Switch OFF machine, Do not allow any body to touch any equipment in the room If machine involved; Switch OFF machine, Do not allow any body to touch any equipment in the room Leave the area concerned Leave the area concerned Informed RPO; Informed RPO; All involved personnel shall be and All involved personnel shall be isolate and examine for contamination; medical assistance where necessary. RPO-Discontinue work for staff suspected for over- exposure RPO-Discontinue work for staff suspected for over- exposure Send film badge to Nuclear Malaysia for evaluation Send film badge to Nuclear Malaysia for evaluation Send personnel for medical check-up if exposure exceeded 20 mSv per year and analysis of chromosome aberration Send personnel for medical check-up if exposure exceeded 20 mSv per year and analysis of chromosome aberration RPO investigate accident & write report RPO investigate accident & write report 24

25. Actions in Abnormal/Emergency Situation AELB must be informed within 24h of accident AELB must be informed within 24h of accident Detailed report send to AELB within 30 days Detailed report send to AELB within 30 days Report should contain: Report should contain: Details – licensee, and date, time, place of emergency occurrence How it happen? Description of radiation source involved, type, quantity, chemical and physical property of RAM (if related) Involved personnel dose assessment report Corrective and preventive action Action taken to prevent incident reoccur Others necessary information 25

26.  A suitable and adequate storage facility which: - restrict exposure - restrict exposure -sources and ancillary equipment secure against theft and damage -sources and ancillary equipment secure against theft and damage -prevent unauthorized persons from carrying out any actions which could be dangerous to themselves or to the public STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 26

27. Storage of Radioactive Materials Be secured and only authorized personnel to have access to it; Be secured and only authorized personnel to have access to it; Be locked and placed under the control of RPO; Be locked and placed under the control of RPO; Adequate shielding; Adequate shielding; Display appropriate warning SIGNs; and Display appropriate warning SIGNs; and Free from flood, fire etc. Free from flood, fire etc. 27

28. All SAFETY procedures must be adhered to all time to ensure SAFETY of all concerned All SAFETY procedures must be adhered to all time to ensure SAFETY of all concerned Summary 28

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