1. Social Psychology Social Psychology - Studying the way people think about, influence and relate to others. Attitude Attraction Aggression Group Behavior

2. Thinking about ourselves and others Attribution Theory - how we explain others’ behavior - by attributing it either to their Situational Attribution – External Dispositional Attribution – Internal – Example: Student’s hostility – Situational – – Dispositional –

4. Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental attribution error - tendency to overestimate the role of factors and factors – More common in Individualistic cultures – Avoid by observing people in Can be attributed to: – Self-serving bias – How do you view your teacher’s behavior? If you win it is because you are awesome…if you lose, it must have been the coach …We (Solon) won they game …They (Solon) lost the game

5. Attitudes Attitudes - Feelings, based on beliefs, that guide our behavior Advertising is ALL based on attitude formation.

6. 4 Ways Attitudes Affect Actions 1.Central Route of Persuasion - opinion change from thoughtful focus on – Example: 2.Peripheral Route Persuasion –opinion change through (Speakers attractiveness, endorsement of famous person, emotion evoking music or images) Example: 3.Social Pressure 4.Vivid, Easily recalled information

7. 5 Ways Actions Affect Attitudes 1.Foot-in-the-door phenomenon – persuasion technique to get someone to agree first to a small request to get them to comply later with a larger request – Example: 2.Door-in-the-face phenomenon – persuasion technique to get someone to comply by first making an extremely large request, then requesting something smaller – Example: 3.Norms of reciprocity – social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind – Example:

8. Role-Playing Affects Attitudes 4. Role Playing – Role– set of behaviors for a specific social position – Zimbardo - Stanford Prison Study – Abu Ghraib

9. Cognitive Dissonance 5. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) - Discomfort we feel when your thoughts and behaviors or two thoughts are inconsistent – People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors….when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). – Usually they will change their attitude sometimes their behavior. Example: You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!! The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK.

10. Fetzinger’s study

12. Conformity and Obedience Chameleon effect- unconsciously mimicking others’ expressions, postures and voice tones – Example: Mood linkage – sharing up and down moods of others – Example :

13. Conformity Conformity - Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. – Example:

14. Asch’s Study of Conformity

15. Asch’s Conformity Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Operational Definition Confounding Variables

16. Asch’s Results About 1/3 of the participants conformed. 70% conformed at least once. Conditions that Strengthen Conformity: 1.The group is 2.You are within the group or made to feel incompetent 3.The group is at 4.You 5.You had made 6.Others in the group 7.Your culture

17. Reasons for Conforming Normative social influence - d esire to gain approval/avoid rejection – Example: Informational social influence - Accepting other peoples opinions about reality – Example

18. Milgram’s Study Of Obedience Independent Variable Dependent Variable Operational Definition Ethics Other tests: Prestige of the setting, Proximity of Authority, Presence of rebellious peers

19. Results of the Milgram Study

20. What did we learn from Milgram? Ordinary people can do shocking things – evils can grow out of compliance to others’ evils Factors that increase obedience: – Experimenter – Learner – Experiment associated with prestigious location Lower Obedience – Learner observed other participants Ethics

21. David's history teacher asked him why so many German people complied with Hitler's orders to systematically slaughter millions of innocent Jews. David suggested that the atrocities were committed because the Germans had become unusually cruel, sadistic people with abnormal and twisted personalities. Use your knowledge of the fundamental attribution error and Milgram's research on obedience to highlight the weaknesses of David's explanation.

22. Social Facilitation Theory Social Facilitation – stronger performance in the presence of others If you are really good at something (well learned tasks)….or it is an easy task…you will perform BETTER in front of a group. - If it is a difficult task or you are not very good at it…you will perform WORSE in front of a group Example:

23. Social Loafing Social Loafing - the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. – Example –

24. Deindividuation Deindividuation – presence of others arouses people and diminishes their responsibility. – Feel anonymous and aroused. – Example -

25. A crowd at a soccer game starts to boo, yell at the home team, and throw cups and trash at the players after the team loses a very close match. Explain how social facilitation and deindividuation contribute to the crowd's behavior.

26. Group Polarization Group polarization - If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinion. – Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. – Example:

28. Groupthink Groupthink - Group members suppress reservations about the ideas supported by the group. – Desire for – Worse in groups—(group polarization). – Avoided when leader – Example:

29. If representatives from the Republican and Democratic parties gathered to discuss a minimum wage bill, how might the concepts of group polarization and groupthink influence the discussion and eventual vote?

30. Cultural Influence Culture – behaviors, attitudes, ideas, values shared by a group Example: – Culture within animals – Culture in humans Preservation of innovation Division of labor

31. Variations Across Cultures Norm – rules for accepted and expected behavior – Example: – the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies – North Americans prefer more than Latin Americans Pace of life – Expressiveness –

32. Variation Over Time Changes over the generations

33. The Power of Individuals Social control – regulation of peoples behavior through social norms – Example Personal control – the power of the individual to do the opposite of what is socially accepted – Example – Minority influence – the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities –

34. Social Relations – how we relate to one another: prejudice, aggression, attraction, altruism, peacemaking

36. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination Stereotype - Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people. Example: Prejudice - unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members 3 components: Example: Discrimination - An action based on a prejudice (behavior). Example:

37. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

38. Automatic Prejudice

39. Implicit racial associations: harboring unconscious racial associations Unconscious patronization: evaluate performance based on racial stereotypes – low expectations result in inflated praise and insufficient criticism hindering minority student’s academic achievement Racial influenced perceptions - people more often mistakenly shot targets who were black. Seeing black – the more a person’s facial features are perceived as typical of their racial category, the more likely they are to elicit race-based responding. Reflexive boldly responses – studies have detected implicit prejudice in facial responses and activation of amygdala– demonstrates implicit prejudice.

40. Is it just race? NO Palestinians and Jews Homosexual and Heterosexual Men and Women But women have some things going for them like……

41. Which person would you want to have a long term relationship with?

42. Social Roots of Prejudice Social inequalities – justify stereotypes – Blame the victim dynamic – victims of mistreatment are held partially responsible for their problems Example: Social Identities – portion our self- concept derived from perceived membership in a social group – In-Group – people with whom we share a common identity Example: – Out-group – People with whom we don’t share a common identity Example: – In Group Bias – tendency to favor our own group Example: Girls rule, boys drool Solon vs. Twinsburg

43. Emotional Roots of Prejudice Scapegoat Theory – theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame – Example:

44. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice Categorization – Out-group homogeneity – overestimating the similarity within other groups Example: – Other-race effect (aka own-race bias, or cross-race effect) – the tendency to recall faces of ones own group more accurately than faces of other races Example: Vivid cases – tend to remember vivid cases more easily Just-world phenomenon – tendency to believe that people get what they deserve – Hindsight bias Example

45. Jill, a female employee at ACME Industries, recently complained that she had been sexually harassed by one of her male supervisors. Write a comment from a male worker that would demonstrate in-group bias. Write a comment that would demonstrate scapegoat theory. Write a comment that would demonstrate the cognitive roots of prejudice.

46. Upon hearing of the complaint from Jill, Kurt, a fellow employee, commented, “If the women around here would stop some of their flirting, they'd be left alone.” Bryan, another co-worker, quickly added, “If the women in this country stopped trying to act like men, they'd all be treated with more respect.” Explain how these insensitive remarks illustrate some of the social, emotional, and cognitive roots of prejudice.

47. Psychology of Aggression Aggression – any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy – Always involves – Varies from Not

48. Which of these are Aggression? Two men fight for a piece of bread The warden of the prison executes a convicted criminal A boxer gives his opponent a bloody nose A hunter kills an animal and mounts it as a trophy A man viciously kicks a cat

49. The Biology of Aggression Genetic Influences Neural Influences Biochemical Influences

50. Aggression Theories Aversive Events – Frustration-aggression principle – blocking an attempt to achieve a goal creates anger Fight or flight reaction to stress – Adverse stimuli – physical pain, insults, high temperatures etc. can create anger Example: Social and cultural influences – Reinforcement – experience has taught that aggression pays – Aggression higher when: Aggression-replacement program –

51. Aggression Theories - Observing models of aggression – Rape myth – s -Social scripts – mental tapes for how to act provided by our culture i.e. media -video games and violence –

52. Your psychology class is studying aggression. Phyllis, an outspoken student, says, “I think one big cause of aggression are those horrible violent video games. Boys are the only ones who like those games, and they are way more violent than girls.” Evaluate Phyllis' statement according to psychological findings about the biological factors of aggression and the psychological and social-cultural factors of aggression.

53. Attraction 5 Factors of Attraction 1.Proximity 2.Physical Attractiveness 3.Similarity 4.Reciprocal Liking 5.Reward theory of attraction

54. Proximity 1.Proximity Mere exposure effect- Increased attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar – The more we are exposed to something, the more we like it Example:

55. Attraction The power of physical attractiveness

56. The Hotty Factor 2. Physically attractiveness predicts They are perceived as than less attractive counterparts. We are attracted to

57. Similarity 3. Similarity – Paula Abdul was wrong- Birds of the same feather do flock together. Similarity breeds content.

58. Reciprocal Liking 4. Reciprocal Liking - You are more likely to like someone who likes you. – Especially when Why? Except in elementary school!!!!

59. Reward theory of Attraction 5. Reward Theory of Attraction - We continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs – Associating with people that are attractive is – When someone works with us,

60. Beauty and Cultural Standards Obesity is so revered among Mauritania's white Moor Arab population that the young girls are sometimes force-fed to obtain a weight the government has described as "life-threatening".

61. Are these cultures really that different?

62. Beauty and Biological “Universals” 1. 2. 3.

63. Beauty and Psychology Led to believe someone has appealing traits (honest, humorous,) rather than unappealing (rude, unfair, abuses) – we perceive the person to be more attractive

64. Romantic Love Love – Passionate Love – intense positive absorption of another Which emotion theory? – Companionate Love – deep affectionate attachment Equity – both partners receive in proportion to what they give – Example: Self-disclosure – revealing of intimate details – Example

65. Research indicates that we often form more positive impressions of beautiful people than of those who are physically unattractive. Explain how advertisements and movies might encourage this tendency. Use your knowledge of the factors that facilitate interpersonal attraction to suggest how people could be influenced to feel more positively about those who are physically unattractive.

66. Altruism Altruism - unselfish regard for the welfare of others

67. Prosocial Behavior Bystander Effect - Tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if other people are present – Example: Causes: 1.Diffusion of Responsibility – When many people share the responsibility we think someone else will help 2. Pluralistic Ignorance - People decide what to do by looking to others – a lack of reaction is interpreted as a non-emergency situation

68. Altruism

70. Norms for Helping Social exchange theory – we want to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs Social Norms that Influence Altruism – Reciprocity norm – – Social-responsibility norm –

71. While walking through a busy city park, Mr. Cruz experiences sharp chest pains that indicate to him the onset of a heart attack. Describe several things Mr. Cruz should do to increase the chances that someone will come to his aid and quickly provide him with appropriate medical attention. Explain the rationale for your advice in light of research on altruism and the decision-making process underlying bystander intervention.

72. Conflict and Peacemaking Conflict – a perceived incompatibility of goals actions and ideas Destructive Social Processes – Social trap we harm our collective well being by following our personal interests Non-zero sum game – Distorted Perception – Example:

73. Enemy Perceptions Mirror-image perceptions – mutual views seen by conflicting people – Example: Self-fulfilling prophecy – perceptions that can lead to their own fulfillment – Example:

74. Conflict and Peacemaking Contact Cooperation – Superordinate goals – shared goals achieved through cooperation Communication Conciliation – GRIT – strategy designed to decrease international tension