1. Slide 7.1 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009

2. Slide 7.2 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Population, sample and individual cases Source: Saunders et al. (2009) Figure 7.1 Population, sample and individual cases

3. Slide 7.3 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Sampling- a valid alternative to a census when + A survey of the entire population is impracticable + Budget constraints restrict data collection + Time constraints restrict data collection + Results from data collection are needed quickly

4. Slide 7.4 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Sampling techniques Source: Saunders et al. (2009) Figure 7.2 Sampling techniques

5. Slide 7.5 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 The four stage process 1. Identify sampling frame from research objectives 2. Decide on a suitable sample size 3. Select the appropriate technique and the sample 4. Check that the sample is representative

6. Slide 7.6 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Choice of sample size is influenced by + Confidence needed in the data + Margin of error that can be tolerated + Types of analyses to be undertaken + Size of the sample population and distribution

7. Slide 7.7 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Key considerations + Non- respondents and analysis of refusals + Obtaining a representative sample + Calculating the active response rate + Estimating response rate and sample size – http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm

8. Slide 7.8 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 Five main techniques used for a probability sample + Simple random + Systematic + Stratified random + Cluster + Multi-stage

9. Slide 7.9 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Involves you selecting at random frame using either random number tables, a computer or an online random number generator such as Research Randomizer

10. Slide 7.10 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Systematic sampling involves you selecting the sample at regular intervals from the sampling frame. 1. Number each of the cases in your sampling frame with a unique number. The first is numbered 0, the second 1 and so on. 2. Select the first case using a random number. 3. Calculate the sample fraction. 4. Select subsequent cases systematically using the sample fraction to determine the frequency of selection

11. Slide 7.11 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Stratified random sampling is a modification of random sampling in which you divide the population into two or more relevant and significant strata based in a one or a number of attributes. In effect, your sampling frame is divided into a number of subsets. A random sample (simple or systematic) is then drown from each of the strata.

12. Slide 7.12 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Is on the surface, similar to stratified as you need to divide the population into discrete groups prior to sampling. The groups are termed clusters in this form of sampling and can be based in any naturally occurring grouping. For example, you could group your data by type of manufacturing firm or geographical area

13. Slide 7.13 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + For cluster sampling your sampling frame is the complete list of clusters rather than complete list of individual cases within population, you then select a few cluster normally using simple random sampling,. Data are then collected from every case within the selected clusters

14. Slide 7.14 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + It is a development of cluster sampling, it is normally used to overcome problems associated with a geographically dispersed population when face to face contact is needed or where it is expensive and time consuming to construct a sampling frame for a large geographical area. However, like cluster sampling you can use it for any discrete groups, including those not are geographically based. The technique involves taking a series of cluster samples, each involving some from of random sampling

15. Slide 7.15 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + It is entirely non random and it is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that your sample will represent the population as the variability in your sample for various quota variables is the same as that in population. Quota sampling is therefore a type of stratified sample in which selection of cases within strata is entirely non- random (subjective)

16. Slide 7.16 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Divide the population into specific groups. + Calculate a quota for each group based on relevant and available data. + Give each interviewer an ‘assignment', which states the number of cases in each quota from which they must collect data. + Combine the data collected by interviewers to provide the full sample.

17. Slide 7.17 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Quota sampling has a number of advantages over the probabilistic techniques. – It is less costly and can be set up very quickly. – Quota sampling is normally used for large population.

18. Slide 7.18 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Purposive or judgemental sampling enables you to use your judgment to select cases that will best enable you to answer your research question(s) and to meet your objectives. + This form of sample is often used when working with very small samples such as in case research and when you wish to select cases that are particularly informative.

19. Slide 7.19 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Extreme case sampling focuses on unusual or special cases on the basis that the data collected about these unusual or extreme outcomes will enable you to learn the most and to answer your research question(s) and to meet your objects more effectively.

20. Slide 7.20 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Maximum variation sampling enables you to collect data to explain and describe the key themes that can be observed. Although this might appear as contradiction, as a small sample may contain cases that are completely different. In addition, the data collected should enable you to document uniqueness.

21. Slide 7.21 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + In direct contrast to heterogeneous sampling, homogenous sampling focuses on one particular sub-group in which all the sample members are similar. This enables you to to study the group in great depth.

22. Slide 7.22 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Critical case sampling selects critical cases on the bases that they can make a point dramatically or because they are important. The focus of data collections to understand what is happening in each critical case so that logical generalizations can be made.

23. Slide 7.23 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Patton (2002) outlines a number of clues that suggest critical cases these can be summarized by the questions such as: + If it happens there, will it happen everywhere? + If they are having problems, can you be sure that everyone will have problems? + If they cannot understand the process, is it likely that no one will be able to understand the process? +

24. Slide 7.24 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + In contrast of critical case sampling, typical case sampling is usually used as a part of a research project to provide an illustrative profile using a representative case. + Such a sample enables you to provide an illustration of what is ‘typical’ to those who will be reading your research report and may be unfamiliar with the subject matter.

25. Slide 7.25 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Is commonly used when it is difficult to identify members of desired population. Need to: 1. Make contact with one or two cases in the population. 2. Ask these cases to identify further cases. 3. Ask theses new cases to identify further new cases (and so on) 4. Stop when either no new cases are given or the sample is as large as manageable

26. Slide 7.26 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + It occurs when you allow each case to identify their desire strongly to take part in the research. +

27. Slide 7.27 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 + Those cases that are easiest to obtain for your sample, such as the person interviewed at random in a shopping centre. + The sample selection process is continued until your required sample size has been reached. + Although this technique of sampling is used widely, it is prone to bias and influences that are beyond your control, as the cases appear in the sample only because of the ease of obtaining them.

28. Slide 7.28 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5 th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009 MethodProbabilityNon probability Quantitative Qualitative