1. Section 1: The Origins of Genetics Section 2: Mendel's Theory Section 3: Studying Heredity Section4: Complex Patterns of Heredity Chapter 8 Mendel and Heredity

2. 10 Minute Reading: Answer the following questions on your note card. 1. Who is known as the Father of Genetics? A. Albert EinsteinB. Charles DarwinC. Gregor Mendel 2. What are the female reproductive structures of a flower called? A. StamenB. PistilsC. Pollen 3. What is used to determine the offspring of a genetic cross? A. Gene SquareB. Punnett SquareC. Mendel Square 5. Which gene is represented by a capital letter in a genotype? A. RecessiveB. DominantC. Parental

3. 10 Minute Reading: Answer the following questions on your note card. 1. Who is known as the Father of Genetics? A. Albert EinsteinB. Charles DarwinC. Gregor Mendel 2. What are the female reproductive structures of a flower called? A. StamenB. PistilsC. Pollen 3. What is used to determine the offspring of a genetic cross? A. Gene SquareB. Punnett SquareC. Mendel Square 5. Which gene is represented by a capital letter in a genotype? A. RecessiveB. DominantC. Parental

4. Learning Targets I will identify the investigator whose studies form the basis of modern genetics. I will list the characteristics that make the garden pea a good subject for genetic study. I will summarize the three major steps of Gregor Mendel's garden pea experiments. I will relate the ratios that Mendel observed in his crosses to his data.

5. Genetics KWL chart KnowWant to KnowLearned Genes are in our bodies Genes are passed from parent to child Where do genes come from at the beginning? How can a brown-eyed parent have a blue-eyed child? Genes can be dominant or recessive. If combined, the dominant gene will be the one that is expressed.

6. The Origins of Genetics Genetics: the branch of biology that focuses on heredity Characteristics Eye color and shape Skin color Height Texture of hair Heredity: the passing of characteristics to offspring

7. The Origins of Genetics Cont. Characteristic vs. Trait Characteristic: Texture of hair Trait: Curly hair Characteristic: Flower color Trait: Purple flower Another example?

8. Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel bred different varieties of the garden pea accurately predicted patterns of heredity discovered patterns formed the basis of genetics

9. Mendel’s Breeding Experiments Crossed a variety of garden pea plants purple and white flowers

10. Seven Characteristics Mendel Studied

11. Why Use Peas? Characteristics are in two distinct forms Flower color: purple or white Reproductive parts are on same flower Allows or self-fertilization or cross-fertilization Small, grows easily, matures quickly, produces many offspring

12. Traits Expressed as Simple Ratios Monohybrid cross- cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits. (purple and white flower color) 3 steps to his experiments 1. Produce a true-breeding P generation 2. Producing an F1 generation 3. Producing an F2 generation

13. Step 1 Garden pea self-pollinate for several generations Ensured true-breeding: All of the offspring would display only one form of the characteristic True- breeding plants served as the P generation (parental generation) First two individuals that are crossed in a breeding experiment

14. Step 2 Cross-pollinated two P generations with contrasting traits Resulted in the F1 generation (filial) Recorded number and traits of F1 generation

15. Step 3 Allowed F1 generation to self-pollinate Resulted in the F2 generation Recorded number and traits of F2 generation

16. Mendel’s Results F1 plants: showed only one form of the characteristic purple flowers x white flowers= purple flowers F1 plants self-fertilized: various traits 705 purple and 224 white flowers (3:1 ratio) Found in all seven characters in F2 generation

18. Section 1: The Origins of Genetics Section 2: Mendel's Theory Section 3: Studying Heredity Section4: Complex Patterns of Heredity Chapter 8 Mendel and Heredity

19. Learning Targets I will describe the four major hypotheses Mendel developed. I will define the terms homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype. I will compare Mendel’s two laws of heredity.

20. 10 Minute Math CharacteristicsF2 Generation Results Ratio Flower color705 purple224 white3.15 : 1 Seed color6, 022 yellow2,001 green Seed shape5, 474 round1, 850 wrinkled Pod color428 green152 yellow Pod shape882 round299 constricted Flower position651 axial207 top Plant height787 tall277 dwarf 1.Calculate the ratio for each contrasting trait. Use colon form. 2.Do the data confirm a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation for each of the characteristics he studied?

21. Mendel’s Theory of Heredity Mendelian theory of heredity 4 Hypotheses 1. Every individual has 2 copies of a gene (1 from each parent) 2. There are alternate versions of genes 3. When 2 different alleles occur together, one may be expressed and the other may not 4. Gametes carry only 1 allele and contribute only 1 allele during fertilization

22. Hypothesis #1 Every individual has 2 copies of a gene (1 from each parent) Mom Dad

23. Hypothesis #2 There are alternate versions of genes Example: flower color gene in peas There can be purple or white flowers Allele: the different versions of a gene Each individual receives 1 allele from each parent Allele (Dad) Allele (Mom) Homologous pair of chromosomes

24. Alleles Expressed as letters Capital and lower case One letter = One allele Let the entire letter P (capital and lower case) represent the characteristic for flower color. Capital letter: Dominate form P (purple flower) Lower case letter: Recessive form p (white flower)

25. Hypothesis #3 When 2 different alleles occur together, one may be expressed and the other may have no observable effect on the individuals appearance Expressed form: Dominate Not expressed when dominate form is present: Recessive QQQqqq

26. Names of Allele Combinations QQ Homozygous Dominant Qq Heterozygous Qq Homozygous Recessive **Always write the dominate form of the letter 1 st.

27. Hypothesis #4 Gametes carry only 1 allele and contribute only 1 allele during fertilization When gametes are formed, the alleles for each gene in an individual separate independently from one another Each parent can only contribute 1 allele because of the way gamete are produced during the process of meiosis

28. Meiosis Quick Review How many chromosomes does 1 sperm have? 1 egg?

29. Allele Terminology The set of alleles that an individual has for a character is called its genotype. The physical appearance of a character is called its phenotype. Determined by what alleles are present qq

30. Review 1. What is the difference of an allele and gene? An allele is a different version of a gene 2. What is the dominate form of an allele represented by? A capital letter What is the recessive form of an allele represented by? A lower case letter How does the phenotype of the individual relate to its genotype? The phenotype is determined by the genotype

31. Section 2: Mendel's Theory Cont. & Section 3: Studying Heredity Chapter 8 Mendel and Heredity

32. Learning Targets I will predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett Squares. I will apply a test cross to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominate phenotype. I will predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using probabilities. I will analyze a simple pedigree.

33. 10 Minute Writing Summarize in a paragraph why garden-pea plants are good subjects for genetic experiments.

34. Chapter 8 Section 2: Mendel's Theory Cont. The Laws of Heredity 1. The Law of Segregation 2. The Law of Independent Assortment

35. 1. The Law of Segregation 2 alleles for a characteristic separate when gametes are formed

36. 2. The Law of Independent Assortment - the alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation **The inheritance of one characteristic [plant height] does not influence the inheritance of another [flower color]

37. Overall Units of heredity are portions of DNA called genes. Genes are found on the chromosomes that an individual inherits from its parents.

38. Studying Heredity- Punnett Squares Way of predicting the expected results of the genotypes and phenotypes in a cross Punnett Square- a diagram that predicts the outcomes of a genetic cross by considering all possible combinations of gametes in the cross.

39. Punnett Squares Created by Reginald Punnett Consists of 4 boxes in 1 square Gametes of parent #1 are on top and gametes of parent #2 are on the left side Each box consists of 2 letters Combine the allele along the top of the box with the allele along the side of the box Letters in the boxes indicate the possible offspring genotypes

40. Punnett Squares: Monohybrid Cross The outcome of a cross between a pea plant that is Homozygous for yellow seed color (BB) Homozygous for green seed color (bb) Result: 100% of offspring are heterozygous (Bb)

41. Punnett Squares: Monohybrid Cross The outcome of a cross between a pea plant that is Both heterozygous for seed color (Bb) Result: Genotypic Ratio- 1 BB: 2Bb: 1bb Phenotypic Ratio- 3 yellow: 1 green

42. Test Cross Test Cross- the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. Example: How could we determine whether a pea plant with a dominate phenotype (yellow seeds) is homozygous (BB) or heterozygous (Bb)? *Cross with a homozygous recessive (bb)*