1. How cells exchange materials To Osmosis and beyond!

2. The cell membrane phospholipid bilayer - 2 thin layers of phospholipids with proteins. phospholipid bilayer - 2 thin layers of phospholipids with proteins. The membrane controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. The membrane controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell.

3. Plasma Membrane made of phospholipids Fatty acids tails – hydrophobic Fatty acids tails – hydrophobic Glycophosphate heads – hydrophilic Glycophosphate heads – hydrophilic

4. Membrane is a fluid mosaic Phospholipids and proteins “float” around each other Phospholipids and proteins “float” around each other

5. Cholesterol Helps Maintains membrane rigidity, not too fluid Helps Maintains membrane rigidity, not too fluid

6. Membrane Proteins Part of membrane structure and function Part of membrane structure and function Integral proteins are within membrane Integral proteins are within membrane Transmembrane proteins – integral proteins that go from one side to other. Aid in passage of materials. Transmembrane proteins – integral proteins that go from one side to other. Aid in passage of materials.

7. Freeze fracture technique Freezing and fracturing membrane allows for showing integral membrane proteins Freezing and fracturing membrane allows for showing integral membrane proteins

8. Peripheral proteins Proteins on surface. Not part of membrane structure. Proteins on surface. Not part of membrane structure.

9. Glycoproteins and glycolipids Act as cell surface markers. Identify cell Act as cell surface markers. Identify cell

10. Membrane Protein functions 1) Selective transport channel 2) Enzyme 3) Cell surface receptor 4) Cell surface identity marker 5) Cell to cell adhesion 6) Attachment to cytoskeleton

11. CELL TRANSPORT

12. Active and passive transport Active transport – Requires energy Active transport – Requires energy Passive transport – occurs with out energy supplied Passive transport – occurs with out energy supplied Active and passive transport Active and passive transport Active and passive transport Active and passive transport

13. Diffusion Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

14. Diffusion

15. Diffusion across a membrane

16. Concentration gradient The difference between the area of high and low concentration The difference between the area of high and low concentration Net flow- diffusion is random both ways. Net flow always high to low Net flow- diffusion is random both ways. Net flow always high to low

17. Osmosis Diffusion of water through a membrane to maintain salt/solute balance Water potential = osmotic potential energy

18. Osmotic pressure Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis through a membrane Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis through a membrane Reverse osmosis is greater pressure forcing water against osmotic gradient Reverse osmosis is greater pressure forcing water against osmotic gradient

19. Osmoregulation Living organisms use osmotic pressure against osmotic gradient, to maintain water balance Living organisms use osmotic pressure against osmotic gradient, to maintain water balance

20. Isotonic Solution Water on both sides of cell membrane is the same Water on both sides of cell membrane is the same equilibrium equilibrium

21. Iso means Same Isosceles Isosceles

22. Saline is isotonic

23. Isotonic solutions have same molarity Example cell with salt. There will be NO change in mass of cell Example cell with salt. There will be NO change in mass of cell

24. Hypertonic solution Solution has MORE salt than cell Solution has MORE salt than cell Water moves out Water moves out

25. Hypotonic Solution has LESS Salt than the cell Solution has LESS Salt than the cell Water moves IN Water moves IN

26. Blood cells

27. Why does water spray on the produce at ShopRite?

28. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Plant Cell

29. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Plant Cell

30. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Normal (good) Plant Cell

31. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Normal (good) Shriveled (bad) Plant Cell

32. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Normal (good) Shriveled (bad) Plant Cell Turgid (good)

33. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Normal (good) Shriveled (bad) Plant Cell Turgid (good) Flaccid (bad)

34. Solution cell placed in HypotonicIsotonicHypertonic Animal Cell Lysed (bad) Normal (good) Shriveled (bad) Plant Cell Turgid (good) Flaccid (bad) Plasmolyzed (bad)

36. Graphing molarity Make best fit line of data Make best fit line of data What does green line show? What does green line show? Isotonic concentration Isotonic concentration = 2.2 M

37. Passive transport Diffusion through a cell membrane without any energy added. Diffusion through a cell membrane without any energy added.

38. Facilitated diffusion Proteins help with normal diffusion, act as channels Proteins help with normal diffusion, act as channels Passive – goes with concentration gradient Passive – goes with concentration gradient

39. Active transport Proteins use energy to transport through a membrane against a concentration gradient. Proteins use energy to transport through a membrane against a concentration gradient.

40. Like a salmon swimming upstream

41. Protein pumps Sodium potassium pump – against gradient Sodium potassium pump – against gradient http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_pota ssium_pump_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_pota ssium_pump_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_pota ssium_pump_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_pota ssium_pump_works.html

42. Endocytosis in/cell in/cell A cell folds around a large molecule to bring it in. A cell folds around a large molecule to bring it in. Requires ATP Requires ATP Ex. Amoeba Ex. Amoeba

43. Receptor mediated endocytosis Protein receptors attach to specific particles to activate endocytosis Protein receptors attach to specific particles to activate endocytosis

44. Phagocytosis Phage = eat Phage = eat When large particles are taken in by Endocytosis by amoeba or white blood cells When large particles are taken in by Endocytosis by amoeba or white blood cells

45. Pinocytosis Taking in water or small particles by endocytosis Taking in water or small particles by endocytosis

46. Exocytosis Out/cell Out/cell Removal of large molecules out of cell by vessilce merging with membrane Removal of large molecules out of cell by vessilce merging with membrane

47. The End The End