1. Short Course: Destination Venus: Science, Technology and Mission Architectures James Cutts, JPL International Planetary Probe Workshop 2016 June 11-12, 2016

2. Topics Introduction Agenda – tentative Presentation Outlines –Science –Entry and Descent –Landing and Flight –Instrumentation –Mission Architectures IPPW-13 Short Course-1 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

3. Introduction The purpose of the course is to engage students and experienced scientists, technologists and engineers in the next phase of exploration of Venus. The course consists of a series of lectures presented by experts in the relevant science, mission design and technology disciplines and culminates in a series of class projects. The lecturers include experts in past missions and missions that are currently in formulation. However, the perspective of this course is to look further out on what will be possible with emerging technologies in the next 20 years of Venus exploration. IPPW-13 Short Course-2 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

4. Schedule (Saturday, June 11) IPPW-13 Short Course-3 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

5. Schedule (Sunday, June 12) IPPW-13 Short Course-4 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

6. Purpose of Workshop (Jim Cutts) Topics –Statement of Purpose –Brief History of Venus Exploration Early U.S. and Russian efforts prior to 1990s Venus Express and Akatsuki Discovery and New Frontiers plans –Why is Venus important today? –Structure of Agenda IPPW-13 Short Course-5 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

7. Science Presentations (1 of 3) There are three science presentations –Lori Glaze -------overview and probe science –Larry Esposito---landed science –Kevin Baines ----science from airborne platforms Lori’s presentation would include both an overview of major Venus science questions as well the specific science that could be addressed with a descent probe IPPW-13 Short Course-6 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

8. Science Presentations (2 of 3) Venus – Major Science Questions (Lori Glaze) –Slow retrograde rotation –Venus greenhouse effect –Atmospheric super-rotation –Why no moon? –Age of Venus – Tesserae vs. plains –Nature of Venus interior Venus Probe Science (Lori Glaze) –Pioneer Venus – Venera legacy –Key science questions remaining –Rare gas isotopes and what they tell us –Descent imaging of the tesserae –Temperature pressure and wind velocity IPPW-13 Short Course-7 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

9. Science Presentations (3 of 3) Venus Landed Science (Larry Esposito) –What did we learn from Venera/VEGA landers? –Importance of improved measurements on the surface rocks –What we can learn from improved imaging? –Geophysical measurements- heat flow seismology –Benefits of longer surface times –Benefits of surface mobility Venus Science from Airborne Platforms (Kevin Baines) –What was learned from VeGa balloons? –Extended operations – benefits –Key remaining science questions Atmospheric circulation – super-rotation Cloud composition and processes Venus Greenhouse –Geophysics – magnetic fields and infrasound –Desired altitude range and vehicle control –Science from probes and sondes IPPW-13 Short Course-8 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

10. Entry and Descent Entry (Raj Venkatapathy) –Historical perspective –Classical Venus entry –Low G Venus entry –Thermal protection system (TPS) –Deployable entry systems and their applications –Venus entry design –Summary Descent (Anita Sengupta) –Unique challenges of Descent in a dense atmosphere –Initial parachute descent –Aeroshell separation –Lander and balloon deployment –Drag and stabilization devices for the last few kilometer –Precision landing with guided descent on Venus IPPW-13 Short Course-9 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

11. Surface and Aerial Vehicles (1 of 3) There are three presentations –Venus Surface Vehicles (Andrew Ball) –Venus Aerial Vehicles (Mike Pauken) –Technologies for Severe Environments (Jim Cutts) The third presentation would deal with advanced technologies that are common to both vehicles. It would also have relevance to the later instrument presentations. IPPW-13 Short Course-10 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

12. Surface and Aerial Vehicles (2 of 3) Venus Surface Vehicles (Andrew Ball) –Venera lander design –Pioneer probe design –Venera lander experience –Landing system design - rationale –Pressure vessel considerations eg. entry –Future lander concepts e.g. Venus Flagship Mission (2008) –Precision landing and hazard avoidance (see also Descent section) –Surface mobility on Venus Venus Aerial Vehicles (Mike Pauken) –LTA vs. HTA vs. hybrid vehicles –Buoyant vehicles – design principles –Soviet VeGa balloons of 1985 –Altitude control balloons –Flying high and low –Near surface balloons – Venus Mobile Explorer IPPW-13 Short Course-11 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

13. Surface and Aerial Vehicles (3 of 3) Technologies for severe environments ( Jim Cutts) –Power – solar vs. radioisotope vs. stored energy –Passive and active thermal control –Mechanical systems for high temperatures –Electronics for high temperatures –Guidance and navigation on Venus –Materials for the clouds and on the surface IPPW-13 Short Course-12 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

14. Science Instrumentation (1 of 2) There are two presentations by Lorenz and Lambert –The first focuses on measurements made in the atmosphere; the second focuses on measurements on the surface of Venus –In each case the focus is more on the challenges and opportunities presented by the environments as opposed to the details of instrumentation. Probes and airborne platforms (Ralph Lorenz) –Venus atmospheric optics: surface visibility vs altitude –Bridging the scale gap between orbiters and landers: aerial platforms –Challenges of correlating radar and optical data: the Cassini- Huygens Experience IPPW-13 Short Course-13 6/11/16 and 6/12/16 Note for now----Maybe (depending on overlap) Surface-Atmosphere interactions; integrating the global and local view Instrumentation/Environment challenges

15. Science Instrumentation (1 of 2) Landed Systems (Lambert) –Physics and chemistry of the surface environment –Historical Soviet Venera-era instrumental approaches –Contrast contemporary Curiosity and Mars 2020 payload –Experimental work in Venus environment - challenges –Experimental facilities – JPL, Glenn Extreme Environments Chamber (GEER) at GRC, GSFC –Different approaches to characterizing elements, minerals and petrology Sample acquisition – Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and XRDF Optical analysis – Raman LIBS Xray etc Remote sensing – active and passive gamma ray, EM and seismic sounding IPPW-13 Short Course-14 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

16. Mission Architectures Typical Mars mission architecture –Orbiters, landers, rovers with proximity communications Venus unique mission constraints –No stable synchronous orbits (low rotation rate) –No frozen sun synchronous orbits (low J2) –No close LaGrange points (no large Venus satellite) Delivering landed and aerial missions –Hyperbolic approach vs. orbital entry –Deploying probes and sondes Trades in the selection of orbits for science and communications –Utility of eccentric orbits Proximity communication systems and direct to Earth (Kamal Oudhiri) –Communications trades –Mars program heritage systems –Unique Venus challenges – environments –Doppler tracking of probes IPPW-13 Short Course-15 Presenter :Tom Spilker with Kamal Oudhiri covering the communications issues 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

17. Student Projects (Saikia/Mimoun) Still being worked IPPW-13 Short Course-16 6/11/16 and 6/12/16

18. IPPW-13 Short Course 17