1. Lecture 19 – HLTH 120N Global Nutrition

2. What are the most pressing world health concerns? Nutrition paradox

3. Objectives Indicate environmental and social factors contributing to hunger Recognize who is most affected by food insecurity in the US Identify global and community programs to combat malnutrition Discuss ways in which you can contribute to improving the malnutrition epidemic

4. Malnutrition When adequate & nourishing food either is not available or is not chosen nutrition: not enough to eat nutrition: associated with rising rates of obesity, chronic diseases (heart disease and type 2 diabetes)

5. Undernutrition Affects in 5 people in the developing world Greatest in Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia Central/South America: % of population Wasting: very low body-weight-for-height or extreme thinness Stunted growth: shorter than expected for their age; chronically undernourished

8. Increased Mortality Neonatal mortality death of newborns between birth and 28 days of life Infant mortality: death of infants between birth and _________ Maternal mortality deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes

9. Micronutrient Deficiency Diseases Scurvy, pellagra, goiter, rickets, and night blindness Inadequate selection from available foods and supplements Public health concerns in impoverished nations: Iron – most prevelant; cost / ; animal products? Iodine – growth/cognition; Zinc – growth/immunity; animal products? Vitamins A – growth/blindness/infection Vitamin B 12 – cognition; animal products?

10. Weakness from undernutrition affects work capacity Detrimental in manual labor subsistence farming Micronutrient deficiency: Iron deficiency anemia reduces transport High susceptibility to Chronic Disease “Fetal origins of adult disease” Undernutrition during fetal development contributes to obesity and chronic disease in adulthood when food is plentiful

11. What Causes Undernutrition?

12. Overpopulation Food Shortages Resources are insufficient to support the number of people Common in arid climates, areas with high birth rates, poor access to imported foods, seasonal & chronic shortages How to improve food/population ratio: Slow population growth Improve education Increase food production?

13. Agricultural Practices Beneficial Crop rotation Detrimental Deforestation Overgrazing Use of agricultural land for cash crops (cotton, coffee, tobacco) replaces subsistence crops Less food available for local consumption Landholders pay insufficient wages Fair trade certification

14. Lack of Infrastructure

15. Overnutrition Chronic overconsumption leads to obesity Increases chronic disease risk Management of chronic disease is costly Indirect costs absenteeism from work reduced productivity Poverty-Obesity Link Food choices? Who is at greatest risk?

17. Solutions to Malnutrition United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2005) Works for eradication of extreme poverty and hunger Short-term solutions to prevent famine after natural disasters and in war-torn regions USAID Monitor droughts, floods, other problems Encourage breastfeeding WHO & UNICEF Combat infectious disease GOBI Vitamin A Global Initiative

18. Promoting Food Distribution Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Women Infants and Children (WIC) National School Breakfast & Lunch Summer Food Service Program Food Bank

19. Technological Strategies Green Revolution: high-yield varieties Sustainable agriculture Transgenic crops Biotechnology Controversy: Meat production/Consumption

20. How to combat global malnutrition Personal food choices Buying organic reduces: Buying local reduces costs and resources for: Buy certified coffee, chocolate, cotton, etc. Avoid overconsumption Activity maintains health & reduces overnutrition

21. Volunteer to Fight Malnutrition National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness: “Hunger Cleanups,” staff relief agencies, promote community activism Gather for food banks, volunteer in a soup kitchen, distribute food to homebound elderly, start a community or school garden Teach children about healthy eating at after-school programs Encourage PA in community & workplace: walking groups, “fun runs,” coach after-school sports for children, assist with summer camp