1. Introduction to Anatomy
Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy

2. OBJECTIVES Anatomical Terminology Planes of section Body cavities
Abdominopelvic cavities
Organ & organ systems
Rat dissection

3. Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!
REMINDER:
Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!

4. Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology
The language of ANATOMY

5. In the anatomic position:
Anatomical Position
In the anatomic position:
the body is erect
the feet are on the floor
toes forward
upper appendages are at the sides
palms forward
face forward

6. APPENDICULAR DIVISION
Regional Terms
Used to designate specific body areas
AXIAL DIVISION
(Torso)
APPENDICULAR DIVISION
(Limbs)

8. Directional Terms
Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure.
Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position.

9. Superior: above
Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head
Inferior: below
Caudal: toward the tail
Posterior: behind
Anterior: front
Dorsal: backside
Ventral: belly side

10. Superficial (External) Deep (Internal)
Medial: toward the midline
Intermediate: between a medial and a lateral structure
Lateral: away from the midline
Superficial (External) Deep (Internal)

11. Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk
Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk
Appendages
Proximal Distal

12. The sternum is anterior to the spine.
Posterior (Dorsal)
The neck is ____________ to the head.
inferior to
Anterior (Ventral)
The brain is the skull.
deep / internal to
(Cephalic)
What is the position of the sternum (breastbone) to the spine?
The sternum is anterior to the spine.
The dorsal surface of the human leg is
its surface.
posterior
The region of the femur (thigh bone)
closest to the tibia (shin) is the
proximal or distal end of the femur.
(Caudal) ?

13. Note how some directional terms are applied
differently to quadrupeds…….
Superior
Dorsal
= Above
= Backside
Front
Behind
Anterior
Cranial
(Cephalic)
Posterior
Caudal
the tail
the head
Inferior
Ventral
= Below
= Bellyside

14. Objective 2 Planes (Sections)
An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes.
These planes are:
Sagittal (para, mid)
Transverse
Frontal / Coronal

15. Divides a structure into right and left portions.
Side
Sagittal:
Divides a structure into right and left portions.
Midsagittal:
Produces
equal right and
left portions.
Parasagittal:
unequal right
and left
portions.
Front
Frontal (Coronal):
Divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse:
Divides a structure into superior and inferior portions;
Also called a horizontal or cross section
Top
Bottom

16. Thorax cut in the 3 planes
Transverse (Horizontal) Section
Superior view/ looking down (inferiorly)
Parasagittal Section
Midsagittal would show the heart
Coronal (Frontal) Section

17. Coronal (Frontal) Section Transverse (Horizontal) Section
Brain cut in the 3 planes
Coronal (Frontal) Section
Midsagittal Section
Transverse (Horizontal) Section

18. Objective 3a Body Cavities
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera).
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity
See torso
There are two major body cavities:
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity

19. Pelvic inlet
See Torso

20. Ventral Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Pelvic Cavity
Superior to the diaphragm
Viscera there include the
heart, lungs, thymus gland,
trachea, esophagus
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior to the diaphragm
Pelvic Cavity
Viscera there include
The urinary bladder,
Internal organs of
Reproduction, urethra
(in women), and
Some portions of the
Large intestine
Abdominal Cavity
Viscera there include
The stomach, liver,
Gall bladder, spleen,
Pancreas, kidney,
Ureters, small
Intestine, and most
Of the large intestine

21. Objective 3b Abdominopelvic Regions

22. The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal.
EPI = upon
GASTR = stomach
HYPO = below
beneath
CHONDRO = cartilage
LUMBAR = loins
(3-D)
ILIUM = upper pelvis

23. In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside?
Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder
Left Kidney
Vermiform appendix
Testis

24. Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

25. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

26. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

27. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

28. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

29. These sores are on which anatomical region?
Sample Questions
These sores are on which anatomical region?
Antebrachial
The sores are to the wrist and
to the elbow.
proximal
distal
carpal

30. Endocrine - & - Digestive
Sample Questions
Identify the indicated organ.
Pancreas
Identify the organ system it belong to.
Endocrine - & - Digestive ?
Identify the specific ventral cavity it resides in.
Abdominal
The pancreas is and to the stomach.
inferior
posterior

31. Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION
Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure.

32. The rat will be on the practical
Yes -
The rat will be on the practical

33. Some structures you will be identifying: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Different from human body: Pay attention to:
- Thymus gland Respiratory Diaphragm
- Cecum & Large intestine Serous membrane
- Uterine horns Mesentary

34. Dorsal side Vental side
Reminder
Dorsal
side
Vental
side
“Back”
“Belly”

36. Clean-up
Dispose of rat, gloves, face masks, & used tissue in the black garbage bag at the end of the table.
Clean dissection tools with Tool Cleaner and return to center containers
Clean dissection tray with Disinfectant Spray Bottle, rinse, & dry and return to cart
Clean lab bench with Disinfectant Spray Bottle