1. ® OGC support of Agro ‐ geoinformatics: Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics OGC support of Agro ‐ geoinformatics: Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics George Percivall Chief Engineer, OGC 13 August 2013 Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

2. OGC ® Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics Architecture and development –Agile development aided by architecture –Set of viewpoints for separation of concerns –Basis for coordination and understanding Content of sketch from multiple development programs –Sample is not complete –Many good programs advancing agro-geoinformatics Focus on –The “geo” aspects of IT for Agriculture –Consistent use of location elements across production chain. –Use of open data and open standards Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

3. OGC ® Software Development: Agile and Architecting Prototype-drive development provides benefits –Manifesto for Agile Software Development –Innovation and creativity in development occurs most reliably with multiple prototypes –Prototyping yielded 40% less code; 45% less effort [Boehm] Specification driven development provides benefits –Specifying produced more coherent designs and software that was easier to integrate. [Boehm] –Specifying provides completeness for a broader community and easier evolution over time Agile development combined with evolutionary architecture provides best of both approaches –But what is software architecture?

4. OGC ® Information Viewpoint Computational Viewpoint Engineering Viewpoint Optimized Design / Development Technology Viewpoint Enterprise Viewpoint Community Objectives Vision and Targets Policies Actors and Scenarios Abstract Design / Best Practices Viewpoints for a Distributed Architecture RM-ODP Viewpoints Information Types Spatial Referencing Metadata and Quality Discovery Access Process User Management Component Types Use Cases Implementations Tutorials Content of Viewpoints developed iteratively with user interaction and implementation

5. ® Enterprise Viewpoint Vision and Targets Policies Actors and Scenarios Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

6. OGC ® FAO Strategic Objectives 1.Contribute to the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition 2.Increase and improve provision of goods and services from agriculture, forestry and fisheries in a sustainable manner 3.Reduce rural poverty 4.Enable more inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems at local, national and international levels 5.Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: The Strategic Framework for FAO, June 2013 http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/027/mg015e.pdf

7. OGC ® US Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI): Societal Benefits for Agriculture and Forestry Decision making by farmers, ranchers, foresters, researchers, commodity markets, and governments. Information requirements to support (1) production decisions; (2) agricultural forecasting; (3) greenhouse gas mitigation; (4) crop insurance; and (5) crop-production monitoring Improved data and information flow in these areas can contribute to decision making Requires effective –national, regional, and local Earth observations –combined with socioeconomic data. Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium National Strategy for Civil Earth Observations http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/nstc_2013_earthobsstrategy.pdf

8. OGC ® Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: C.Justice & I.Becker-Reshef on behalf of the GEO Agricultural Monitoring Community of Practice, GEOSS FP Workshop 26 March 13

9. OGC ® Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: C.Justice & I.Becker-Reshef on behalf of the GEO Agricultural Monitoring Community of Practice, GEOSS FP Workshop 26 March 13

10. Enterprise Scenario System Model Extensively use satellite based Earth Observations Open geospatial standards Web service-oriented computing Three core subsystems –EO data access subsystem –Modeling subsystem –Product dissemination and presentation subsystem Source: GEOSS AIP-5 Agriculture Scenario, Liping Di and Eugene Yu, January 15,.2013

11. ® Information Viewpoint Information Semantics Spatial Referencing Metadata and Quality Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

12. Information requirements Information on the agriculture production condition and outcome  commodities –Timely acquisition and provision of agricultural condition assessment, crop progress, and production on large scale –Earth Observations: the most effective means Information requirements from decision-makers and practitioners in agricultural sectors –timely crop growth condition report –crop progress stage monitoring –crop production and yield projection Source: GEOSS AIP-5 Agriculture Scenario, Liping Di and Eugene Yu, January 15,.2013

13. Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: C.Justice & I.Becker-Reshef on behalf of the GEO Agricultural Monitoring Community of Practice, GEOSS FP Workshop 26 March 13

14. OGC ® Agriculture Information Encodings Remote Sensing is a valuable resource –NetCDF, HDF, GRIB, BUFR, etc Other encodings used for other information –UN/Cefact, AgroXML, DEITeelt, (E)Daplos –Linked data formats, e.g., tabular Nearly all have a spatial component. –OGC Geography Markup Language and OGC WaterML2 –agroXML –SoilML –INSPIRE Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Cf. “The central role of use cases in enhancing data exchange and interoperability in agriculture,” Rob Lokers, et.al. in ICT For Agriculture, Tomas Mildort and Karel Charvat, editors http://www.ccss.cz/books/ict_agr/ICT_for_Agriculture.pdf

15. what is agroXML? standardized language for data exchange in the agricultural sector facilitates communication between different farm management systems and applications used in agriculture the farmer can control data flow based on international standards homepage: http://www.agroxml.de

16. functionality document consulting services administration suppliers quality control food sector service provider Farm management systems

17. required data items outlines (polygons) –fields –parts of fields –classifications points –soil samples raster data –aerial photographs, satellite images –yield mapping 5,6 5,4 5,5 6,0 6,2 5,7 5,9 5,8 6,2 6,4

18. OGC ® INSPIRE - Agricultural and aquaculture facilities INSPIRE = Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe INSPIRE established by Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and Council for environmental policies and activities that impact the environment Interoperability through open and participatory approach –ISO 19131 Geographic information – Data product specifications –OGC and ISO 19107 – Geography Markup Language Data Specification on Agricultural and aquaculture facilities – Draft Technical Guidelines, April 2013 http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/241/documentid/3089

19. OGC ® INSPIRE Data Specification - Draft Technical Guidelines Agricultural and aquaculture facilities http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/241/documentid/3089

20. ® Computing Viewpoint Services and Protocols Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

21. Use Cases Publish Resources Discover Resources Visualize and Access Process and Automate Maintain and Support GEOSS Users GEOSS Resource Providers

22. OGC ® Why use Geospatial Web Services? Immediate access to geospatial data –without ordering, installing and restricting access to data when necessary; –Without having to convert data to a GIS vendor-specific format; The most up-to-date version of data –directly from the authoritative source who maintains the data; –automatic updates when they are made available. Under certain circumstances, you may not want to use geospatial web services, for example: –when you are not connected to the internet or when bandwidth (read speed) of connection is very low Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/?id=1343085516629#a4

23. OGC ® © 2011 Open Geospatial Consortium OGC Web Services (OWS) Web Map Service (WMS) Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) Web Feature Service (WFS) Web Coverage Service (WCS) Catalogue (CSW) Geography Markup Language (GML) KML Others… Just as http:// is the dial tone of the World Wide Web, the geospatial web is enabled by OGC standards: Relevant to geospatial information applications: Critical Infrastructure, Emergency Management, Weather, Climate, Homeland Security, Defense & Intelligence, Oceans Science, others Web Map Server Web Coverage Server Web Feature Server

24. OGC ® Geospatial Processing, Analysis, Workflow Web Processing Service – WPS OGC Web Service access to algorithms Change detection, coordinate transformation, modeling and simulation… Geoprocessing Workflow Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

25. OGC ® © 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium OGC Sensor Web Enablement Standards Enables discovery and tasking of sensor assets, and the access and application of sensor observations for enhanced situational awareness  Sensor Model Language (SensorML)  Observations & Measurements (O&M)  Sensor Planning Service (SPS)  Sensor Observation Service (SOS)  Catalogue Service  Sensor Alert Service (SAS)

26. ® Engineering and Technology Viewpoints Components Differing implementation environments Web Services, Cloud, Internet of Things Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

27. OGC ® Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Geospatial Products Online access to –agriculture-related maps, –geospatial data and tools –to make better decisions –for environmentally responsible yet competitive agriculture Example products online –Agro-Pedological Atlas Interactive Map –National Ecological Framework Interactive Map –Plant Hardiness Zones Interactive Map Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/?id=1343066456961

28. Source: Canada

29. OGC ®

30. ® Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium CropScape

31. OGC ® Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium VegScape, Zhengwei Yang, et.al. USDA NASS and GMU, ASPRS 2013

32. OGC ® Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium VegScape, Zhengwei Yang, et.al. USDA NASS and GMU, ASPRS 2013

33. OGC ® Integrated Environmental Modeling applied to Agricultural Model Web – Geller (2008) Model as a Service (MaaS) Web Processing Service Farm System Simulator model Spatially-aware, environmental- economic optimization models loosely coupled with web-based GIS Source: M. Imran, R. Zurita-Milla, R. de By, ITC – Univ. Twente, AGILE Conference 2011

34. OGC ® WPS-Hadoop Source: Terradue http://gcube.wiki.gcube-system.org/gcube/index.php/Geospatial_Data_Processing

35. OGC ® WPS-Hadoop Source: Terradue http://gcube.wiki.gcube-system.org/gcube/index.php/Legacy_applications_integration

36. OGC ® Using Google Fusion Tables for Cloud-based Sensor Observation Services Copyright © 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium Peng Yue, et.al., Agro-Geoinformatics 2013

37. OGC ® Source: AgriXchange, Frans van Diepen, et.al.

38. DATA INTERCHANGE BETWEEN WEB CLIENT BASED TASK CONTROLLERS AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS USING ISO AND OGC STANDARDS Michael nørremark 26. JUNE 2013 SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (SDI) COMPONENTS 38 Implement actuatorInterface ServiceFMIS SQL database Web client Electronic control unit (ECU) and terminal Controller Data acquisition Web server GML (ISO 19136) XML (SOAP) Web client Web browser Task management Data utilisation WFS (ISO 19142) Transactional-WFS (ISO19142) Evaluation Strategy TacticOperational Execution Documentation

39. DATA INTERCHANGE BETWEEN WEB CLIENT BASED TASK CONTROLLERS AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS USING ISO AND OGC STANDARDS Michael nørremark 26. JUNE 2013 CONCLUSIONS ON THE ISO 19100 SERIES AND OGC STANDARDS APPROACH 39 ›A novel communication interoperability between a web client ECU and a commercial FMIS was demonstrated in practice, based on real farm data exchange via WFS and WFS-T (ISO 19142). ›The evaluation proved that agricultural machines can request and update field operational data on-line, in real time and at high update rate using open GIS communication standards. ›Agricultural machinery supporting a web client platform can potential use several services simultaneously (‘scalability’). For instance such machinery platform can be prepared for several services and when the services are available locally, value is added to the agricultural machine automatically. ›Time for engineering is saved compared to a sequential development strategy ›However, needs complex feature mapping (i.e. knowledge of the domain via GML application schema (ISO 19109) used with SoilML, INSPIRE and many others).

40. OGC ® Information Viewpoint Computational Viewpoint Engineering Viewpoint Optimized Design / Development Technology Viewpoint Enterprise Viewpoint Community Objectives Vision and Targets Policies Actors and Scenarios Abstract Design / Best Practices Sketching an Architecture for Agro ‐ geoinformatics RM-ODP Viewpoints Information Types Spatial Referencing Metadata and Quality Discovery Access Process User Management Component Types Use Cases Implementations Tutorials Content of Viewpoints is developed iteratively with user interaction and implementation

41. OGC ® For Details on OGC Standards… OGC Standards –Freely available – www.opengeospatial.org/standards www.opengeospatial.org/standards OGC Reference Model (ORM) –Overview of OGC Standards Baseline –Resource for defining architectures for specific applications – www.opengeospatial.org/standards/orm www.opengeospatial.org/standards/orm George Percivall, gpercivall at opengeospatial.orggpercivall at opengeospatial.org