© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 14 Energy from Fossil Fuels.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction to fossil fuels Tourists and climbers visit the White Mountains in New Hampshire The White Mountain National Forest has 777 acres Mining is allowed in national forests Huge machines and dynamite are used Trees, topsoil, and mountaintops are removed Valleys are filled in and streams are obliterated Small towns are wiped out No area is safe from mountaintop removal mining due to the U.S.’s insatiable thirst for coal

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountaintop removal mining An economical way of reaching coal seams It has devastated parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia 470 mountains have been affected 1,500 miles of streams have been buried or degraded Residents who refuse to move have been threatened In 2002, the law prohibiting dumping of waste into stream valleys was changed to allow this “fill” to be dumped Grassroots organizations face formidable politicians and industrialists who say this mining is necessary

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil spills and drills With millions of gallons of oil in constant transit, it is inevitable that spills will occur In 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled 11 million gallons In 2008, two ships collided, spilling 420,000 gallons Drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is a political firefight President Bush wanted to open it to drilling At present, with a Democratic Congress and President, it will probably remain closed for the moment

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy sources and uses Advancing technological civilization has been tied to energy In early times human muscle and livestock provided energy Slaves, servants, minimally paid workers Domestic animals were used in agriculture and transportation Water, wind, and sun power also provided power Inventors in the early 1700s designed machines The steam engine provided power for ships, shovels, tractors, trains, sawmills, textile mills, etc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coal Coal was substituted for fuel Firewood for steam engines became scarce It was used for steam engines, heating, cooking, and industrial processes By 1920, coal provided 80% of all U.S. energy Drawbacks of coal Smoke and fumes polluted cities It is hazardous to mine and dirty to handle Steam engines are bulky and hard to operate

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil rules By the late 1800s oil provided an alternative to coal Due to the internal combustion engine, drilling, and refinement of oil into fuels Benefits of oil It was more convenient and burned more cleanly The internal combustion engine is much lighter than a steam engine Oil is now the major energy source for the world Coal still predominates in eastern Europe and China

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gas, naturally Natural gas: found in association with oil or drilling for oil Natural gas consists mainly of methane, which produces carbon dioxide and water when burned It burns more cleanly than coal or oil Pipelines now allow it to be transported, instead of venting it to the atmosphere It is used for heating, cooking, industry It is clean, convenient, and inexpensive Gas satisfies 24% (U.S.) and 21% (world) of energy demand

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electrical power production Electrical power: the amount of work done by an electric current over a given time Most energy we use comes from fossil fuels Energy carrier: the electricity itself that transfers energy from a primary energy source (coal, water power) to the point of use Electricity enables modern technological society Computers, appliances, lights, the Internet More than 33% of fossil fuel production is used to generate electricity in the U.S.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Generators Electric generators were invented in 1831 by Michael Faraday An electric generator: a coil of wire that rotates in a magnetic field Or a stationary wire within a rotating magnetic field It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy Energy is lost through resistance and heat Energy is also lost through transmission through wires Three units of primary energy make one unit of electricity But electricity is so useful and indispensible

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Turbogenerators Generating electricity requires a primary energy source Coal, oil, nuclear, refuse, solar, geothermal energy Which boils water to produce steam Which drives a turbine (a sophisticated paddle wheel) Which is coupled to a generator Turbogenerator: the turbine and generator Other generators = gas-, water-, and wind-driven turbines Burning gas drives the turbine directly A hydroturbogenerator uses water from a dam or pipe

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fluctuations in demand Most utility companies are linked into pools They balance electricity supply and demand Regardless of daily or seasonal fluctuations Pools must accommodate daily and weekly demand Generating capacity is measured in megawatts (MW) 1 MW is enough electricity to power 800 homes The demand cycle: shows the typical pattern of U.S. electrical demand The baseload: the constant supply of power provided by large coal-burning and nuclear power plants

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The electrical demand cycle As demand increases above the baseload, the utility draws on power plants (intermediate and peak-load power sources) that can be turned on and off These power sources are gas, diesel, and hydroelectric plants Brownouts: result from a deficiency in available power Cause a reduction in voltage Blackout: a total loss of power These events occur during peak demand

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electricity demand vs. supply In the U.S., demand is rising faster than supply Reserve capacity has declined to 15% Summer heat waves are the greatest cause of sudden increased demand Utilities are being pushed to the edge of their ability to provide electricity on demand Another serious problem: antiquated systems controlling the power transmission grid, which connects power sources to users

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blackout Brownouts and blackouts threaten the economy In 2008 the largest blackout in U.S. history left 50 million people in eight states and two Canadian provinces without power It started when power lines brushed against tree branches It cost the economies of the two countries $30 billion A “self-healing smart grid” can prevent major blackouts It monitors problems, reacts to trouble, and isolates troubled areas to prevent cascading failures The U.S. Department of Homeland Security rates this as one of its highest priorities

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Clean energy? Electric power is clean and nonpolluting only at the point of use Electricity is an expensive way to heat homes It is generated mainly from fossil fuels and nuclear energy Coal-burning plants: the major source of U.S. electricity Implicated in acid deposition and climate change Nuclear energy is distrusted Potential for accidents, disposal of waste, and mining of uranium ore

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Transferring pollution Energy from fossil fuels transfers pollution Only renewable sources are nonpolluting Producing electricity from fossil fuels is 30–35% efficient Energy is lost in several ways Heat energy goes up the firebox and out the chimney Heat energy remains in the spent steam Transmission of electricity through wires Conversion losses: an unavoidable loss of energy A consequence of keeping high temperature differences between incoming steam and the receiving turbine

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dealing with heat energy Heat energy cannot be recycled in the turbine A condenser turns steam into water in the air Cooling towers are on coal-burning and nuclear plants An alternative to cooling towers? Waste heat is transferred into water from a river, lake, or ocean Kills planktonic organisms and impacts the ecosystem Thermal pollution: waste heat discharged into natural water

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Matching sources to uses We must consider more than the energy source to determine current and future energy supplies Some forms of energy do well in some uses but not others Transportation (cars, trucks, tractors, planes, trains) depends on liquid oil Nuclear and coal will not reduce the demand for oil Energy use is divided into transportation, industrial processes, commercial and residential use (heating, cooling, lighting, appliances), and electrical power

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy flow Transportation: 29% of U.S. energy use Depends on petroleum Nuclear, coal, water power are used to produce electricity Natural gas and oil are more versatile sources Too much consumed energy goes to waste heat Some waste is inevitable (Second Law of Thermodynamics) But efficiency can be doubled for cars, appliances, etc. Saving energy is equivalent to increasing energy supplies Conservation, efficiency, and management decrease use

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Exploiting crude oil U.S. coal, natural gas, or nuclear power supplies are adequate But we must import 66% of our crude oil Increasing dependence on imported oil causes trade imbalances, military actions, economic disruptions, coastal oil spills Fossil fuels (crude oil, coal, natural gas) were formed 100–500 million years ago in swamps and shallow seas Anaerobic conditions slowed decomposition Pressure and heat converted vegetation to fossil fuels It takes 1,000 years to obtain 1 day’s worth of fossil fuel use

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Crude oil reserves vs. production Estimated reserves: geologists guess where and how much oil exists Drilling is required to determine if reserves exist Drilling determines the extent and depth of the oil field Proved reserves: an accurate estimate of how much oil can be economically obtained from a field 1 barrel = 42 gallons The content of each field is given in probabilities P05 = a 5% probability the field contains a given number of barrels of oil

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Estimates of oil reserves Oil produces prefer to use a P05 or P10 instead of a P90 To give the impression of a large reserve For political or economic reasons Proved reserves depend on economics of extraction Reserves may be higher or lower depending on the price of oil Higher oil prices justify exploiting more expensive reserves Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the field But it’s really extraction from Earth

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Recovery Production from a field does not proceed at a steady rate Oil is trapped in pore spaces of sedimentary rock At first, pressurized oil may gush from a well But only 25% of oil can be removed using conventional pumping (primary recovery) Secondary recovery can remove up to 50% of oil By injecting steam or brine into the wells Enhanced recovery injects carbon dioxide to break up oil Allows even more oil to be obtained

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economics determines exploitation The price of a barrel of oil determines the extent to which reserves are exploited At $10/barrel (late 1990s) only 25–35% of oil was extracted Higher prices (1970s, 1980s) justified reopening old fields in Texas and Louisiana In 2008, oil peaked at $145/barrel but declined sharply Demand dropped due to the global economic crisis Low prices are good for consumers But bad for companies, because they need stable markets

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Declining U.S. reserves Up to 1970, the U.S. was oil independent In 1970, production decreased but consumption increased The Hubbert peak: M. King Hubbert proposed that oil production followed a bell-shaped curve It would peak between 1965 and 1970 Half of available oil would have been withdrawn Production would then decline The U.S., Europe, and Japan increased imports from the Middle East Cheap, available oil seemed to present few problems

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The oil crisis of the 1970s The U.S. and other industrialized countries increased their dependence on imported oil The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Mostly Arab countries Restrained production and initiated an embargo to increase prices Resulted in shortages, panic, and long lines at gas stations The U.S. willingly paid four times the previous price Devastating results: inflation, unemployment, and recessions We buy more from others than we sell as exports

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adjusting to higher prices In response to higher prices, the U.S. and other nations Increased domestic production, e.g., the Alaskan pipeline, re-opening old fields Increased fuel efficiency standards, e.g., lowered speed limits (to 55 mph) Promoted appliance and building efficiencies Developed alternative energy sources Created a strategic oil reserve in Louisiana to store 702 million barrels of oil (33 days of oil at 21 million barrels/day use)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Recovery 1980s: consumption declined and production increased Discoveries in Mexico, Africa, and the North Sea reduced OPEC’s influence More production than consumption caused an oil glut Prices crashed Lower prices undercut efficiency and alternate energies Exploration declined and older fields were closed Conservation efforts and incentives were stopped Tax incentives and subsidies for alternate energy were stopped

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. imports are up and rising U.S. oil production is down U.S. oil consumption is up More cars are driven more miles each year Large, fuel-inefficient cars are driven (e.g., SUVs) U.S. dependence on foreign oil has increased We import 66% of our oil Imports are still increasing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Back to the future Oil prices in the 1990s were low but started rising in 1998 OPEC cut production Just as East Asia came out of a recession Demand exceeded supply Prices rose to over $140/barrel in 2008 People reduced driving and bought hybrid cars Oil companies had record profits Food prices soared Congress raised efficiency standards and called for increased renewable fuels

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Recession In September 2008, the stock market collapsed Overpriced housing, mortgage excesses, uncontrolled stock market speculation A global economic meltdown caused job losses Major financial institutions failed Credit became unavailable Countries fell into the worst recession in 75 years Oil imports declined and prices dropped OPEC cut production to stabilize prices Countries still depend on a few oil-rich nations

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The consequences of U.S. dependency U.S. dependency on foreign oil has three costs: Costs of buying oil Risk of supply disruptions (e.g., political instability in the Middle East) Ultimate resource limitations In 2000, the U.S. paid $300 billion in oil imports Since 2000, imports increased 24% and oil’s price rose fivefold

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Persian Gulf oil First oil crisis (1973): the unexpected Arab boycott The U.S. keeps a military capability in the region Recognizes the political instability Ensures access to Persian Gulf oil Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait (1990) U.S.-led Persian Gulf War threw Hussein out The U.S.’s ongoing presence angered radical Islamic Al Qaeda Led to the September 11, 2001 attack on the U.S.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Two more wars In 2001, U.S. and British forces invaded Afghanistan To capture bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda training camps, and overthrow the ruling Taliban The Afghan war was a consequence of U.S. presence The war is still in progress bin Laden still hasn’t been caught In 2003, Britain and U.S. troops invaded Iraq To overthrow Hussein and eliminate suspected weapons of mass destruction Was the motivation to gain access to Iraq’s oil?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The U.S. still relies on oil exports U.S. troops protected Iraqi oil fields but not the National Museum The U.S. and Britain have spent billions to restore Iraqi oil Military costs represent a significant government subsidy Costing money and human lives The U.S. is now importing 44% of oil from other nations Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Russia, Nigeria These are politically stable and close But production is decreasing OPEC and Persian Gulf oil continue to be vital to the U.S.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil resource limitations and peak oil U.S. oil production is decreasing There is little hope for major new finds The U.S. is the most intensively explored landmass The last major find: Alaskan oil field (1968) Discoveries now come from isolated pockets in old fields How much oil is still available? 1,050 billion barrels (BBs) have been used World use = 31 BBs/yr, increasing to 40 BBs/yr by 2020

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hubbert’s Peak Recent estimates of proved reserves = 850 BBs Oil industry reports of 1,238 BBs are inflated for political reasons Peak oil production will occur during this decade Production will decline Prices will rise Even if the oil industry is right, the peak will be delayed only by a decade After the peak, production will decline, never to rise again

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) USGS 2000 estimates of world oil and gas 732 BBs from undiscovered reserves (fields that have not yet been found) 688 BBs in known fields unaccounted for by conventional analyses USGS estimates are overly optimistic Estimates are based on undiscovered fields Peak production will be moved back only a few years

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Downward trajectory At current use, proved reserves can supply 40 years of oil New discoveries provide only a fraction of new oil The National Petroleum Council (2007) reported that oil production will not keep up with demand Energy Watch Group: global production peaked in 2006 The Middle East has 61% of proved reserves The U.S. and others will depend on this area for oil To reduce dependency on foreign oil Increase fuel efficiency, use other fossil fuels, develop alternatives

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Other fossil fuels: natural gas The U.S. imports 16.5% of natural gas used Most comes from Canada Gas is used in industry, residential, and electrical power generation Costs fluctuate with supply and demand and season U.S. proved reserves = 9 years New deposits and drilling: supplies = 50 years Worldwide = four times as much as oil Natural gas is piped or liquefied (liquid natural gas [LNG]) New LNG facilities are seen as security and safety hazards

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Natural-gas-run cars Cars can run on natural gas with installation of a gas tank and engine modifications Natural gas is a clean-burning fuel Releases carbon dioxide and water But not hydrocarbons or sulfur oxides Used in buses and car fleets in the U.S. But there are limited service stations Detroit automakers no longer sell these cars The fleet is growing in Europe The U.S. needs stronger public-policy support

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Synthetic oil The Fischer-Tropsch process turns natural gas into synthetic oil It is only 10% more expensive than oil Natural gas can be turned into diesel and home- heating fuels A 3,600-mile gas pipe is needed to bring gas from Alaska and Canada Costing $25 billion and causing enormous environmental harm Drilling in the lower 48 states occurs in sensitive areas Environmental damage from roads, wells, and pipelines Federal lands are being drilled

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coal China is the world’s leading coal producer Builds two plants/week for electricity 49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal-fired power plants U.S. coal supplies = 230 years (2007 rates of use) The U.S. exports 5% of coal production/year Mining is hazardous 33 people died in 2007 from mining Over 700 died from pneumoconiosis (CWP)—black lung disease

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Underground mining Underground mines cause land subsidence and fires Centralia, Pennsylvania’s fire started 40 years ago It could burn another 100 years The federal government bought the town Worldwide fires release as much carbon dioxide as all cars and trucks in the U.S. At least 50% of the coal must be left in mines to support the roof of the mine

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Strip mining Dynamite breaks overlying areas Giant power shovels remove overlying rocks and coal Deforestation and burying streams destroy ecosystems Federal regulations require reclamation (grading, replanting) It takes decades for some areas to recover Arid areas may never recover Erosion, acid leaching, and mine wastes affect surface and ground water Massey Energy violated the Clean Water Act 4,500 times! It paid $30 million to the EPA

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coal power 91% of U.S. coal use generates electricity A large (1,000 MW) power plant burns 8,000 tons/day Releases 20,000 tons of CO 2, 800 tons of SO 2, and 1,600 tons of ash/day The Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI) seeks to remove pollutants before and after burning Along with obtaining higher efficiencies The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant Burning the synthetic gas (syngas) produces electricity Capturing carbon to reduce emissions is very expensive

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil shale Found in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming Oil shale: a fine sedimentary rock containing kerogen Kerogen: a solid, waxlike hydrocarbon Refining can produce gasoline and other petroleum products One ton of shale produces ½ barrel of oil Mining, transportation, and waste disposal are prohibitive Deposits contain 800 BBs of oil Oil companies consider developing oil from deposits They face stiff opposition due to damaged air and water Development must get local and state approval

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil sand Oil sand: a sedimentary material containing bitumen Bitumen: a hydrocarbon that can be refined like oil Alberta, Canada has the largest deposits (152 BBs) The cost is competitive with oil U.S. imports = 10% of our imported oil Mining oil sand causes significant environmental damage 82,000 acres of boreal forest and wetlands have already been heavily disturbed Developing oil shale and sand will occur with high oil prices

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy policy Public policy can cause major improvements in energy use 1973 to 1995: 18% less energy growth with $150 billion in savings The Energy Policy Act of 2005 intended to establish U.S. energy policies Changed Congressional leadership led to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 What are the U.S. government’s latest energy policies? In light of present problems and future needs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Security threats: oil dependence In 2007, the U.S. imported $300 billion of oil 35% of our balance-of-trade deficit The global oil market is beyond our control We invest heavily in stabilizing the Persian Gulf region The U.S. (and global) economy is sensitive to price shocks A 5% decrease in supplies causes increased prices, inflation, decreased gross national product, a recession Prices peaked in 2006–2008 Relying on oil from OPEC and the Persian Gulf is asking for economic and political trouble

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Security threats: terrorism Nuclear power plants, dams, oil and gas pipelines, refineries, tankers, infrastructure are targets for terrorists U.S. involvement in the Middle East angers, frustrates, and motivates terrorists Nuclear power plants are very vulnerable to attacks It is easy to disrupt energy flow to major areas by attacking oil, gas, and electrical infrastructures A hunter shot the Trans-Alaska pipeline Shutting it down for three days

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Security threats: global climate change Using fossil fuels threatens economic, environmental, and national security Burning fossil fuels releases CO 2 Coal produces the most greenhouse gas emissions Natural gas produces the least Increasing carbon dioxide increases global temperatures Melting ice caps and raising sea levels Causing more severe storms, droughts, and heat waves The U.S. is a leading producer of greenhouse gases It also consumes the most fossil fuels

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy policies Both supply-side and demand-side policy options exist Vice President Cheney’s National Energy Policy Report (2001) (CR) estimated increases over the next 20 years of: Oil consumption: 30% Natural gas consumption: 50% Electricity (coal) consumption: 45% His solution? Use more fossil fuels The Energy Policy Act (PA) addresses the supply side The Energy Independence and Security Act (EI) addresses the demand side

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Supply-side policies Explore and develop domestic oil and gas resources CR: open ANWR and offshore areas PA: inventory offshore resources; don’t open ANWR Increase coal use CR: add 1,300–1,900 new power plants within 20 years PA: use clean coal technologies, loan guarantees, research incentives Subsidize the oil and nuclear industries CR and PA: give billions in tax incentives and loans EI: a limited repeal of tax incentives

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More supply-side policies Remove environmental and legal obstacles to development CR: streamline permitting for drilling, use eminent domain for transmission lines PA: tax credits for hydropower, streamline permits to drill Provide access to remote sources of natural gas CR: construct a pipeline from Alaska to the lower 48 states PA: require reporting of progress in pipeline construction, give federal control over LNG terminal sites and building

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Business as usual Supply-side policies are “business as usual” They do not reduce vulnerability to disruptions, terrorism, or climate change Demand-side policies reduce energy needs Move to renewable energies Reduce vulnerability to terrorism and market disruptions They save money and reduce pollution

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demand-side policies Stop thinking in terms of getting more fossil fuels Think about how we can satisfy demands with less energy and environmental impact Increasing mileage standards of vehicles CR: increase Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards while avoiding negative impacts PA: study CAFE standards, grant tax credits for efficient and hybrid vehicles EI: raise CAFE standards to 35 mpg by 2020 (the Obama administration mandates 39 mpg for cars by 2016)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More demand-side policies Increase efficiency of lighting, appliances, and buildings CR: higher efficiency standards when possible PA: tax breaks for manufacturers of efficient appliances; continue the EPA’s Energy Star Program EI: 30% efficiency increases for lighting; compact fluorescent lightbulbs will become the new standard Encourage combined heat and power (CHP) technologies CR: tax credits and permitting flexibility PA: require utilities to buy power from CHP plants EI: CHP is eligible for efficiency grants and proposals

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy-saving technologies CHP facilities install a small power plant to produce electricity Heats the building with “waste” heat Achieves an 80% efficiency The combined-cycle natural-gas unit generates electricity One turbine burns natural gas A second turbine runs on excess steam from the other turbine Achieves 50% efficiency at half the cost and less pollution

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Another demand-side policy Promote more non-fossil-fuel energy CR: build more nuclear power plants, increase and subsidize alternative energy sources PA: $13 billion in incentives to stimulate nuclear energy (tax credits, insurance against delays, loan guarantees); $4.5 billion to support renewable energy EI: established a renewable fuel standard The EI no longer requires electric utilities to obtain 15% of energy from renewable energy Withdrawn due to Republican opposition in the Senate

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Final thoughts Reducing fossil fuel use does not eliminate that use Two pathways can develop non-fossil-fuel energies Nuclear power: needs technological solutions and public acceptance Renewable energy: needs pressure and government support

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All of the following are responses that the United States made to increasing oil prices during the 1970s except a.increasing domestic production. b.Congress setting new standards for fuel efficiency. c.creating a strategic oil reserve in Louisiana. d.Congress terminating tax incentives for the development of alternate energy sources. Review Question-3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All of the following are responses that the United States made to increasing oil prices during the 1970s except a.increasing domestic production. b.Congress setting new standards for fuel efficiency. c.creating a strategic oil reserve in Louisiana. d.Congress terminating tax incentives for the development of alternate energy sources. Review Question-3 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The organization that was developed in the 1970s to restrain the production of oil and increase its price was a.the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. b.the Hubbert Peak Organization. c.the Organization of Fossil Fuel Resources. d.all of the above. Review Question-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The organization that was developed in the 1970s to restrain the production of oil and increase its price was a.the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. b.the Hubbert Peak Organization. c.the Organization of Fossil Fuel Resources. d.all of the above. Review Question-4 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. According to Fig. 14-4, approximately what percentage of global primary energy is supplied by fossil fuels? a. 10% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% Interpreting Graphs and Data-1 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. According to Fig. 14-9, predominantly what type of primary energy is used to generate electricity in the United States? a. oil b. natural gas c. coal d. nuclear power Interpreting Graphs and Data-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. According to Fig. 14-9, predominantly what type of primary energy is used to generate electricity in the United States? a. oil b. natural gas c. coal d. nuclear power Interpreting Graphs and Data-2 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The number one primary energy source used in the United States is ______; it comprises about ______ of our energy. a.oil; 99% b. oil; 40% c.coal; 85% d.nuclear power; 30% Thinking Environmentally-1

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The number one primary energy source used in the United States is ______; it comprises about ______ of our energy. a.oil; 99% b. oil; 40% c.coal; 85% d.nuclear power; 30% Thinking Environmentally-1 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following are ways to conserve energy? a.increase mileage standards for motor vehicles b. increase the efficiency of lighting c.increase the efficiency of appliances d.all of the above Thinking Environmentally-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following are ways to conserve energy? a.increase mileage standards for motor vehicles b. increase the efficiency of lighting c.increase the efficiency of appliances d.all of the above Thinking Environmentally-2 Answer

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 14 Energy from Fossil Fuels.

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 14 Energy from Fossil Fuels.

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