1. Two copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype (physical). Mendel studied autosomal gene traits, like hair texture. Autosome – chromosome with genes not related to sex of organism (body cells) Dwarfism and Longevity

2. BIO.B.2.1.1 Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).

3. Amniocentesis Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Carrier Polygenic Epistatic Autosomes Pedigree Karyotype

4. Several methods help map human chromosomes. Karyotype - a picture of all chromosomes in a cell. X Y

5. Karyotypes can show changes in chromosomes. –deletion of part of a chromosome or loss of a chromosome –large changes in chromosomes –extra chromosomes or duplication of part of a chromosome

6. Karyotype The arrangement of all the chromosomes found in a cell. Includes: 23 rd pair Female sex chromosomes X X Female = Male = Sex Chromosomes: chromosome pair 23 Autosomes: chromosome pairs 1-22 X X Y

7. What information can you determine from a karyotype. Use the terms autosomes and sex chromosomes. Process Box 1:

8. Amniocentesis A medical technique used to collect the chromosomes of a developing fetus. It is done by inserting a needle into the womb and gathering cells in the amniotic fluid.

9. FEMALE MALE Sex Chromosomes (they determine male or female) “Autosomes”

10. Who determines the sex of the offspring? XX XY Sperm Body Cell XX X X X Y Y X X X 1female:1male Father – he can provide an X or Y chromosome Egg We were all female

11. . Genes on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes. –Y chromosome - male characteristics. –X chromosome - genes affects many traits. Males can pass on X or Y Females only pass on X East German Olympic team

12. King Henry VIII is known for being ‘angry’ with his wives and blamed them for not producing a son. Explain why King Henry VIII should have found fault with himself. Process Box 2:

13. Males have an XY genotype. –All of a male’s sex-linked genes are expressed. –Males have no second copies of sex-linked genes –Y chromosome is much smaller

14. Females can carry sex-linked genetic disorders. Males (XY) express all of their sex linked genes. Expression of the disorder depends on which parent carries the allele and the sex of the child. X chromosome carries about 1100 genes while the Y carries about 250

15. 1. Genetic disorder found on the sex chromosome X 2.Known as a “sex-linked” because its found on chromosome 23 3.Normal Color Vision (N) = Dominant Colorblindness (n) = Recessive 2.Can’t distinguish between colors 3.More boys, than girls, are color blind…..WHY? Sex-linked disorder: Color Blindness

16. Color blindness is a problem in which red or green look like shades of gray or other colors. The gene is carried on the X chromosome and is a recessive trait. X N X N X N X n X N Y X n Y XNXN XnXn XNXN Y X N X N = normal female X N X n = female, normal vision (carrier) X N Y = normal vision male X n Y = color blind male Jets vs Bills

17. XNXN XNXN XnXn Y XNXN XnXn XnXn XNXN XNXN XNXN YY Color blind Dad and Normal mother produces…. XNXN XnXn XNXN Y XNXN XNXN XnXn XNXN XnXn XNXN YY Normal Dad and Carrier mother produces…. What is the only way to get a color-blind daughter?? Two normal sons 2 “carrier” daughters (NOT color blind) 1 color blind son, 1 normal son 1 “carrier” daughter, 1 normal daughter Sex-linked disorder: Color Blindness

18. 1. Recessive genetic disorder found on the sex chromosome X 2.Disease in which blood doesn’t clot properly. 3.Normal Blood Clotting (N) = Dominant Hemophilia (n) = Recessive Sex-linked disorder: Hemophila Royal family pedigree Rasputin

20. XHXH XHXH XhXh Y XHXH XhXh XhXh XHXH XHXH XHXH YY Affected dad and Normal Mother produces…. XHXH XhXh XHXH Y XHXH XHXH XhXh XHXH XhXh XHXH YY Normal Father and Carrier Mother produces…. What cross will ALWAYS yield you 100% affected sons? Two normal sons 2 “carrier” daughters 1 color blind son, 1 normal son 1 “carrier” daughter, 1 normal daughter Sex-linked disorder: Hemophila

21. –Carrier – has an allele for as trait or disease that is not expressed. –Carrier does not have disease symptoms but can pass it on to offspring. MOM: A CARRIER DAD: AFFECTED ___ __ _____ TOP PARENT: A CARRIER SIDE PARENT: AFFECTED AUTOSOMAL CARRIER SEX LINKED CARRIER

22. -Dominant allele disorders are rare. -They affect TWO genotypes -Pure Dominant -Heterozygous Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease is an example of a disease caused by a dominant allele. (Danny with Huntington’s Disease)Danny with Huntington’s Disease

23. Process Box 3: What does it mean to have a sex-linked trait? Why do men have a greater chance of being ‘affected’ with certain sex-linked traits/disorders?

24. Process Box 4: Is this a “sex-linked” trait or an “autosomal trait” if the gene is found on … a. Chromosome 12 and the gene is dominant? b. Chromosome 23 and the gene is dominant? c. On the X chromosome and it is dominant? d. On the X chromosome and it is recessive?

25. Do Now In a family, the father does Not have hemophilia and the mother is a carrier. What is the chance that they will have a child with hemophilia? X N X n XNyXNy XNXNXNXN XNXnXNXn XNyXNy XnyXny 1X N X N : 1X N X n : 1X N y : 1X n y 1 normal female 1 normal ‘carrier’ female 1 normal male 1 hemophiliac male 25% chance of having a child effected with hemophilia The child WILL ALWAYS BE A MALE!!!! 50/50 chance for a male child to have hemophilia

26. Some traits are neither totally dominant nor totally recessive. Incomplete dominance - when neither gene is totally dominant to the other - Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes –Example: White flowers and red flowers produce pink flowers

27. X Pink. There is a third color that exists in the heterozygous type. It’s a mixture between the two homozygous types. Incomplete Dominance Straight Curly

28. Incomplete Dominance

29. Incomplete dominance Incomplete Dominance

30. Codominant - alleles will both be completely expressed. –Codominant alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. –The ABO blood types result from codominant alleles. Many genes have more than two alleles. Example – red and white flower produce a flower with BOTH colors

31. Co-dominance Heterozygous type shows BOTH phenotypes exist TOGETHER

32. Co-dominance

34. Describe the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance. Write/or draw an example of co- dominance and incomplete dominance. Incomplete: INBETWEEN BLEND Codominant: COEXIST Process Box 5: By the results, determine if the traits code for: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance: Brown x White = Brown ___________________ Tall x Short = Medium___________________ Blood A x Blood B = AB ___________________

35. Disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. Sickle-shaped cells don’t move easily through your blood vessels. They’re stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in the blood vessels. The disorder is found on chromosome 11 and is therefore not sex-linked. The Oxygen carrying hemoglobin can not carry oxygen as efficiently and the odd-shaped cells can easily clot and break. Fatigue, pain, and organ failure due to lack of oxygen supply are common symptoms of sickle cell anemia. It is common in the African community Sickle Cell Anemia Actual blood cells

36. Sickle Cell Anemia Codominance Practice Genes for blood cells: R = Round blood cells R’ = Sickle Cells RR RR’ R’R’ R R’ R Genotypes for blood cells RR = normal blood RR’ = some sickle cells, some normal cells R’R’ = has sickle cell anemia Tebow touchdown

37. Complete the following crosses, Report the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring R = round blood cell R’ = sickle shape RR: Round cells RR’ = sickle cell trait R’R’: sickle cell anemia RR R’ R R R R R R’ R R R’ R’ R Round Blood Cells x Hybrid ---------- x ---------- Mixed Cells x Hybrid ---------- x ---------- R’ R R R’ R All Round Cells x All Sickle Cells Sickle Cell Anemia x Pure Round ---------- x ---------- EXPECTED RESULTS -------------------------- EXPECTED RESULTS -------------------------- EXPECTED RESULTS -------------------------- EXPECTED RESULTS -------------------------- 1 sickle cell anemia 2 mixed cells 1 normal cells 2 mixed cells 2 normal cells 4 mixed cells

38. WRITTEN CONCLUSION INTRO VARIABLE DATA ANALYSIS EXTENSION

39. 1. Blood Type there are _________________________ 4 different blood types Blood TypeGenes Blood Type AI A I A or I A i Blood Type BI B I B or I B i Blood Type ABIAIBIAIB Blood Type Oii What type of inheritance pattern does blood type show? How many alleles for blood are there? How many blood types are there? 3 4

40. Hypothesis: What crosses will produce sickle cell trait versus sickle cell anemia

41. Which blood types are compatible for transfusion?? OB Yes or No ? BA AA B A O Yes No Yes No Yes

42. IAIA IAIA IBIB IBIB IAIA i IBIB i IAIA IBIB IAIA IBIB IAIA IBIB i i ii IAIA i IAIA i IAIA i IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IBiIBi IAiIAi ii IAIAIAIA IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IBIBIBIB IAiIAi IAiIAi IAiIAi IAiIAi IAiIAiIAiIAi IBiIBi IBiIBi IAIAIAIA ___________ 4 type AB blood ___________ 1-AB blood 1-hetero A blood 1-hetero B blood 1-pure O blood ___________ 1-pure A blood 2-AB blood 1-pure B blood 2-hetero A blood 2-heteroB blood 2-hetero A blood 2- O blood 2-hetero A blood 1- O blood

43. IAIA i IBIB i IAIA IBIB IAIA IBIB ___________ IAIA IAIA IBIB IBIB An AB mother with an O father Two heterozygous type A’s crossed A mother with type O crossed with a father with heterozygous type A IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB 4 type AB blood ___________ IAIA IBIB i i IAiIAi IAiIAi IBiIBi IBiIBi 2-hetero A blood 2-heteroB blood ii IAIA i IAiIAiIAiIAi ii 2-hetero A blood 2- O blood IAIA i IAIA i IAiIAi IAiIAi ii IAIAIAIA 2-hetero A blood 1- O blood

44. Blood type statistics… If there are 100 people in the room: 39 will be O+ 7 will be O- 34 will be A+ 6 will be A- 9 will be B+ 2 will be B- 3 will be AB+ and only 1 in 200 will be AB- Note: The + and – is the presence (or absence) of a third antigen (Rh).

45. Polygenic traits are produced by two or more genes. Order of dominance: brown > green > blue.

46. Epistatic gene - can interfere with the expression of all other genes. Mice have 5 genes that control fur color. 2 genes for general color 1 for shading 1 for spots 1 epistatic gene for color that overrrules all other genes

47. Height is an example of a phenotype strongly affected by the environmental factors such as early nutrition and health care. The sex of sea turtles depends on both genes and the environment. Warm eggs develop into females Phenotype is a combination of genotype and environment.

48. Process Box 6: Using the words below, make two list that you would associate with the following types of genes: Epistatic Polygenic ManySeveral MultipleVarious Over-ride Dominant Range One Albinism InteractionControl Rule BossEye color

49. Linked genes are not inherited together every time. Chromosomes exchange homologous genes during meiosis.

50. Crossing over – 7:00

51. Linkage maps – map of location of genes on a chromosome. The closer together two genes are, the more likely they will be inherited together. Cross-over frequencies are related to distances between genes.

52. Cross-over frequencies can be converted into map units. – gene A and gene B cross over 6.0 percent of the time – gene B and gene C cross over 12.5 percent of the time – gene A and gene C cross over 18.5 percent of the time

53. Pedigree - chart for tracing genes in a family. Phenotypes are used to infer genotypes on a pedigree. Autosomal genes show different patterns on a pedigree than sex-linked genes. Widow’s peak: W = widow’s peak w = non widow’s peak

54. If the phenotype is more common in males, the gene is likely sex-linked. Colorblindness: M = normal vision m = colorblindness

55. Process Box 7: In a pedigree, what shape represents the male? You can gather useful information from studying pedigree diagrams. List the ‘hints’ that help you determine ways that you can determine if it is sex-linked or autosomal.