2. Part One ENTER

3. Warm-up I.Questions Questions II.Alan Paton Quotes Alan Paton Quotes III.Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country

4. I. Questions To be continued on the next page. 1. What do you know about South Africa? 2. What do you know about the situation in South Africa at the time the story was written? 3. Have you ever heard of the “apartheid”? What do you know about it? 4. What dramatic changes have taken place in this country since the time this story was written? 5. Has racism been a serious problem in human history? Is the problem resolved?

5. I. Questions The end of Questions. 6. Is it easy to detect the existence of racism? Why or why not? 7. Does racism only involve governments and politicians? 8. “I have one great fear in my heart, that one day when they (the whites of South Africa) have turned to loving, they will find we (the blacks) are turned to hating.” —Alan Paton Please make your comments on this quote.

6. II. Alan Paton Quotes To be continued on the next page. 1. Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply... For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much. 2. I envision someday a great, peaceful South Africa in which the world will take pride, a nation in which each of many different groups will be making its own creative contribution. 3. The Afrikaner has nowhere to go, and that’s why he would rather destroy himself than ca’pitulate(give in).

7. 4. There is only one way in which one can endure man's inhumanity to man and that is to try, in one's own life, to exemplify man's humanity to man. 5. To give up the task of reforming society is to give up one's responsibility as a free man. 6. Who knows for what we live, and struggle, and die?... Wise men write many books, in words too hard to understand. But this, the purpose of our lives, the end of all our struggle, is beyond all human wisdom. The end of Alan Paton Quotes. II. Alan Paton Quotes

8. IV. Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country( 哭泣的大地 ) To be continued on the nest page. Cry, The Beloved Country is the famous African novel by Alan Paton. The story follows the journey a minister, who travels to the big city in search of his prodigal son. Cry, the Beloved Country is said to have been inspired (or influenced) by In a Province (1934). Alan Paton started the novel in 1946, and the book was finally published in 1948. Here are some famous lines from Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton.

9. To be continued on the nest page. “I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering.” —Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 30 “But when the dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret.” —Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 35 “Nothing is ever quiet, except for fools.” —Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 26 IV. Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country

10. The end of Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country. “It is not permissible to add to one’s possesions if these things can only be done at the cost of other men. Such development has only one true name, and that is exploitation.” —Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 20 “The truth is, our civilization is not Christian; it is a tragic compound of great ideal and fearful practice, of loving charity and fearful clutching of possessions.” —Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 21 IV. Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country

11. Part Two ENTER

12. I.AuthorAuthor II.His WorksHis Works III.ApartheidApartheid Background Information

13. Alan Paton (1903-1988) “I do not like to mention it But there is a voice I cannot silence.” —Paton Paton, craggy( 暴躁的 ) old liberal, hater of and hated by apartheid, loved and unloved by the ANC(African National Congress 非洲民族会议 ), famous for Cry, the Beloved Country. I.Author To be continued on the next page.

14. Alan Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. He started his career by teaching at a school in Ixopo. The dramatic career change to director of a reformatory （少年犯管教所） for black youths, had a profound effect on his thinking. The publication of Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) made him one of South Africa’s best known writers, and by the time he died, it had sold over 15 million copies. Following his non-racial ideals, he helped to found the South African Liberal Party and became its president. I.Author The end of Author.

15. II.His Works Cry, the Beloved Country Perhaps the most famous novel to come out of South Africa, Paton’s 1948 work brought to the notice of the world the dilemmas of ordinary South Africans living under an oppressive system, one which threatened to destroy their very humanity. Informed by Paton’s Christian and liberal beliefs, the novel tells of a rural Zulu parson’s heart-breaking search for his son, who has been drawn into the criminal underworld （下流社会，黑社会） of the city. Cry, the Beloved Country has sold millions of copies around the world. To be continued on the next page.

16. II.His Works “Cry, the Beloved Country, —universal, liberal, reforming. Reads like an ‘aloe （芦荟） in the cool morning, reads like the taste of soap in your mouth. His poetry, to my mind, is a truer voice. No breathtaking, romantic landscape: nature, particularly plants and sunlight, forms a spiritual cipher （密码，密文）. There is a sense of individual tragedy as history catches up with itself. There is passion and tenderness. There is political comment, but also a flickering （闪烁，不稳定的） uncertainty absent from the mountainous ’liberalism of the novels.” —An anonymous comment To be continued on the next page.

17. II.His Works “Cry, the Beloved Country, however, is also a monument to the future. One of South Africa’s leading humanists, Alan Paton, vividly captured his eloquent faith in the essential goodness of people in his epic work.” —Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa To be continued on the next page.

18. II. His Works 1953. Too Late the Phalarope 1961. Debbie, Go Home 1968. Instrument of Thy Peace 1973. Apartheid and the Archbishop: the life and times of Geoffrey Clayton, Archbishop of Cape Town 1975. Knocking at the door 1980. Towards the Mountain 1981. Ah, but your land is beautiful 1986. Diepkloof: reflections of Diepkloof Reformatory 1988. Journey Continued 1995. Songs of Africa: collected poems The end of His Works.

19. III. Apartheid To be continued on the next page. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afri‘kaners 南非的荷兰人等欧洲移民的后裔 ) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940’s, when the

20. III. Apartheid To be continued on the next page. Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 1960s, a plan of “Grand Apartheid” was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.

21. III. Apartheid To be continued on the next page. With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of “white-only” jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The coloured category included

22. III. Apartheid To be continued on the next page. major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. Non- compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas. In 1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed, which empowered the government to declare stringent states of

23. III. Apartheid To be continued on the next page. emergency and increased penalties for protesting against or supporting the repeal of a law. The penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings. In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes; the government declared a state of emergency. The emergency lasted for 156 days, leaving 69 people dead and 187 people wounded. Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act,

24. the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. The penalties imposed on political protest, even non-violent protest, were severe. During the states of emergency which continued intermittently until 1989, anyone could be detained without a hearing by a low-level police official for up to six months. Thousands of individuals died in custody, frequently after gruesome acts of torture. Those who were To be continued on the next page. III. Apartheid

25. tried were sentenced to death, banished, or imprisoned for life, like Nelson Mandela. The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of preferential treatment for whites, as is demonstrated by the statistics in Figure 1. To be continued on the next page. III. Apartheid

26. The end of Apartheid. III. Apartheid

27. Part Three ENTER

28. Text Appreciation I.Text AnalysisText Analysis II.Writing DevicesWriting Devices Point of View Flashback Figurative Language III.Sentence ParaphraseSentence Paraphrase

29. Plot of the storyPlot Setting of the storySetting Protagonists of the storyProtagonists Writing techniques of the storyWriting techniques Theme of the storyTheme I.Text Analysis For reference Discuss these questions with your partners.

30. I.Text Analysis Plot: a well-educated black finds himself cordially invited to split a bottle with a white man in the passage of the latter’s apartment building Setting: social setting: Apartheid South Africa in 1960 story setting: in the passage Protagonists: “I”—the black sculptor Writing techniques: go to Writing Devices Theme of the story: go to the next page For reference. To be continued on the next page.

31. I.Text Analysis Theme The story tells us how racial prejudice can prevent us reaching, touching and connecting with each other. This invisible wall exists between the white and the black and hampers their free communication and full understanding. It is not just a wall imposed by apartheid laws, but a wall deeply rooted in their hearts. Please find details in the text to bear it out. To be continued on the next page.

32. Part 1 (Paras. 1-6 ) about: Part 2 (Paras. 7-76) about: I.Text Analysis Structure Against what background and from whom the story comes How the story goes To be continued on the next page.

33. I.Text Analysis In the year 1960 the Union of South Africa celebrated its Golden Jubilee, and there was a nationwide sensation when the one-thousand- pound prize for the finest piece sculpture was won by a black man… (Para. 1) To be continued on the next page. (1) Questions: Why did the black man’s success cause such a nationwide sensation? What background does this opening sentence intend to unravel?

34. I.Text Analysis However, a crisis was averted, because the sculptor was “unfortunately unable to attend the ceremony”. (Para. 3) To be continued on the next page. (2) Questions: What did the author mean by saying that a crisis was finally averted? What is it about? What would have happened if Simelane had attended the ceremony personally to accept the prize?

35. I.Text Analysis “I wasn’t feeling up to it.” Simelane said mischievously to me. “My parents, and my wife’s parents, and our priest, decided that I wasn’t feeling up to it. And finally I decided so too. (Para. 4) To be continued on the next page. (3) Questions: In what sense did Simelane think he wasn’t “feeling up to it”? Did he mean he was physically unable to attend the ceremony? Why did Simelane give the author that mischievous look?

36. I.Text Analysis Of course Majosi and Sola and the others wanted me to go and get my prize personally, but I said, “boys, I’m a sculptor, not a demonstrator.” (Para. 4) To be continued on the next page. Questions: Who do you think Majosi and Sola were? Why did they strongly advise Simelane to and get the prize personally? How to understand “I’m a sculptor, not a demonstrator”? (4)

37. I.Text Analysis They gave a whole window to it, with a white velvet backdrop, if there is anything called white velvet, and… (Para. 7) To be continued on the next page. Questions: What did he mean when he said “… if there is anything called white velvet”? Could he be playing with the word “white” here? What qualities are usually associated with “velvet”? (5)

38. I.Text Analysis “It’s beautiful,” he said. “Look at that mother’s head. She’s loving that child, but she’s somehow watching too. Like someone guarding. She knows it won’t be an easy life.” (Para. 14) To be continued on the next page. Questions: Did the white man admire the sculpture purely from an artistic point of view? Why and why not? Do you think the exhibited sculpture transformed the mind of this young Africaner? In what way? (6)

39. I.Text Analysis I couldn’t have told him my name. I said I was Vakalisa, living in Orlando. To be continued on the next page. Questions: Why didn’t Simelane tell the white man his true name? What do you think was the reason why van Rensburg decided to befriend this black stranger? (7)

40. I.Text Analysis Then he said to me, “Are you educated?” I said unwillingly. “Yes.” Then I thought to myself, how stupid, for leaving the question open. (Para. 27) To be continued on the next page. Question: Why did he say that he was a fool to leave the question open? (8)

41. I.Text Analysis Now I certainly had not expected that I would have drink in the passage. (Para. 30) To be continued on the next page. Questions: How did Simelane feel when he realized that they were going to drink in the passage? Did he feel insulted and angry? Why do you think Simelane was not invited in? (9)

42. I.Text Analysis On the other side were the doors, impersonal doors. (Para. 37) … I was thinking that one of the impersonal doors might open at any moment… (Para. 39) To be continued on the next page. Question: Why did Simelane keep referring to the “impersonal doors”? Why impersonal? (10)

43. I.Text Analysis … and van Rensburg, in a strained voice that suddenly came out of nowhere, said, “Our land is beautiful. But it breaks my heart.” (Para. 44) “You know,” he said, “about our land being beautiful?” (Para. 69) To be continued on the next page. Question: What did van Rensburg mean when he said that he thought their land was beautiful but sometimes broke his heart? (11)

44. I.Text Analysis What he was thinking, God knows, but I was thinking he was like a man trying to run a race in iron shoes, and not understanding why he cannot move. (Para. 75) To be continued on the next page. Question: What did Simelane mean when he said that van Rensburg was like a man trying to run a race in iron shoes, and not understanding why he cannot move? (12)

45. Is the story told in the first person or third person? What do you think is the relationship between the author and the protagonist? Can you describe the occasion when the author heard Simelane relate the story? What did the author mean when he said that sculpture touched the conscience of white South Africa? Why did Simelane say that he didn’t feel like a drink at that time of night, with a white stranger and all? I.Text Analysis Further Discussion To be continued on the next page.

46. Do you think their discussion about what language they should use was idle talk? Did the white man want to touch and hug Simelane? Why didn’t he if he really felt that way? The sculptor also felt like hugging his white friend, didn’t he? Why didn’t he do that? Why did Simelane’s wife weep when she heard the story that night? I.Text Analysis Further Discussion The end of Text Analysis.

47. II.Writing Devices Now observe the following sentences carefully. What is the focus of narration? Then one night I was working late at the Herald, and when I came out there was hardly anyone in the streets, so I thought I’d go and see the window, and indulge certain pleasurable human feelings. I must have got a little lost in the contemplation of my own genius, because suddenly there was a young white man standing next to me. (Para. 9) the first person point of view To be continued on the next page. Point of View

48. II.Writing Devices Do you know what the other types of narration are? To be continued on the next page. What is point of view? Point of view signifies the way a story gets told—the mode (or modes) established by an author by means of which the reader is presented with the characters, dialogue, actions, setting, and events which constitute the narrative in a work of fiction. Point of View

49. II.Writing Devices The end of Point of View. This narrative mode limits the matter of the narrative to what the first-person narrator knows, experiences, infers, or can find out by talking to other characters. We distinguish between the narrative “I” who is only a fortuitous witness and auditor of the matters he relates (Marlow in Heart of Darkness); or who is a participant, but only a minor or peripheral one, in the story (Nick in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby); or who is himself or herself the central character in the story (Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre). The first person point of view What is the first person point of view?

50. II.Writing Devices Now study the following paragraph. What is the function of it? He said to me. “This is the second cognac I’ve had in my life. Would you like to hear the story of how I had my first?” (Para. 6) Do you know what flashback means? This paragraph serves to introduce a flashback. Flashback To be continued on the next page.

51. II.Writing Devices Can you come up with a story told in a flashback? What is flashback? Flashbacks are interpolated narratives or scenes (often justified, or naturalized, as a memory, a reverie, or a confession by one of the characters) which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1949) and Ingmar Bergman’s film Wild Strawberries make persistent and skillful use of this device. Flashback The end of Flashback.

52. II.Writing Devices 1.metaphor 2.simile& alliteration 3.simile The end of Writing Devices. Now study the following sentences and tell us what figurative speech is used in each and how it contributes to the expressive effect of the language. 1. It’s also the first time I’ve drunk a brandy so slowly. In Orlando you develop a throat of iron. (Para.5) 2. He sat slumped in his seat, like a man with a burden of incomprehensible, insoluble grief. (Para. 75) 3. What he was thinking, God knows, but I was thinking he was like a man trying to run a race in iron shoes, and not understanding why he cannot move. (Para. 75) Figurative Language

53. III.Sentence Paraphrase 1 In the year 1960, the Union of South Africa celebrated its fiftieth anniversary, and there was a great excitement throughout the country when people heard that the prize for the finest piece of sculpture was won by a black man. appositive go to 2 50th anniversary throughout the nation extreme excitement or interest In the year 1960 the Union Africa celebrated its Golden Jubilee, and there was a nationwide sensation when the one-thousand-pound prize for the finest piece of sculpture was won by a black man, Edward Simelane. (Para. 1)

54. III.Sentence Paraphrase 2 coordinate constructions, functioning as predicate go to 3 appositive His sculpture, African Mother and Child, not only won the admiration of the white people for its artistic merit, but also deeply touched or moved their hearts and conscience because the work made them see the injustice of racial discrimination and the black people’s yearning for a better life for their children. noun clause, coordinating with “conscience” “heart” restrictive clause, modifying the parts joined by “or” His work, African Mother and Child, not only excited the admiration, but touched the conscience or heart or whatever it was that responded, of white South Africa. (Para. 1)

55. III.Sentence Paraphrase 3 It was by a careless mistake that his work was accepted, because as a black person, he was not supposed to participate in the competition. emphatic structure go to 4 a mistake that you make by not noticing sth. or by forgetting to do sth. It was by an oversight that his work was accepted… (Para. 2)

56. III.Sentence Paraphrase 4 … but in certain powerful quarters, there was an outcry against any departure from the “traditional policies” of the country… (Para. 3) a usually unspecified group of people a divergence from a rule or traditional practice a strong protest or objection … but in certain politically influential circles, there was a strong protest against this decision as it was not in conformity with the traditional, apartheid policies of the country… referring to the racial policies which had been in effect for many years go to 5

57. III.Sentence Paraphrase 5 In Orlando you develop a throat of iron, and you just put back your head and put it down, in case the police should arrive. (Para. 5) metaphor: a strong throat In Orlando you (the blacks) gradually develop a throat as strong as iron, and you just throw back your head and drink the brandy up in one gulp in order to avoid police detection. subjunctive mood introduced by “in case” go to 6

58. III.Sentence Paraphrase 6 They gave a window to it, with a white velvet backdrop, if there is anything called white velvet, and some complimentary words. (Para. 7) They gave a whole window to the sculpture with a white curtain at the back and some words in praise of the work. The curtain (backdrop) was made of white velvet, if there is such a thing as white velvet. words expressing praise/admiration go to 7 It’s hard to associate “white velvet” with “softness” “smoothness” in an apartheid country

59. III.Sentence Paraphrase 7 … so I thought I’d go and see the window, and indulge certain pleasurable human feelings. I must have got a little lost in the contemplation of my own genius… (Para. 9) So I thought I’d go and see the window, and enjoy secretly some pleasant feelings—feelings of pride for example for one’s genius. I must have become too absorbed in my thinking about my own genius… be engrossed/absorbed in quiet, serious thinking about sth. go to 8

60. III.Sentence Paraphrase 8 I wasn’t only feeling what you may be thinking, I was thinking that one of the impersonal doors might open at any moment, and someone might see me in “white” building, and see me and van Rensburg breaking the liquor laws of the country. (Para. 39) You might be thinking that it was an insult to have me drink in the passage instead of inviting me into their apartment, to sit down and drink properly. Yes, I was feeling that way. But there was sth. else. I was also afraid that one of the cold, unfriendly doors might open at any moment and someone might see me in this “whites only” building, drinking with a white man and breaking the laws on drinking. go to 9

61. III.Sentence Paraphrase 9 Anger could have saved me from the whole embarrassing situation, but you know I can’t easily be angry. Even if I could have been, I might have found it hard to be angry with this particular man. (Para. 39) I could have simply left then and there angrily and thus freed myself from the awkward situation. But you know, I’m not the kind of person who can easily get angry. Even if I could, I might have found it hard to be angry with this particular man. He seemed so nice to me. go to 10 subjunctive mood

62. III.Sentence Paraphrase 10 … and van Rensburg, in a strained voice that suddenly came out of nowhere, said, “Our land is beautiful. But it breaks my heart.” (Para. 44) Van Rensburg suddenly appeared and, in a worried voice, said, “Our land is beautiful. But it breaks my heart.” happening or appearing suddenly and without warning our country make one extremely sad go to 11

63. III.Sentence Paraphrase 11 All of us were full of goodwill, but I was waiting for the opening of one of those impersonal doors. Perhaps they were too, I don’t know. Perhaps when you want so badly to touch someone, you don’t care. (Para. 63) All of us were full of warm and friendly feelings toward each other, but I was hoping that one of those doors would open and someone would come out and see me. Perhaps van Rensburg and the others were hoping the same thing, I am not quite sure. Perhaps when you want to reach out so eagerly, you don’t care what might happen. go to 12

64. III.Sentence Paraphrase 12 We drove up Eloff Street, and he said, “Did you know what I meant?” I wanted to answer him, but I couldn’t, because I didn’t know what that something was. He couldn’t be talking about being frightened of Orlando at night, because what more could one mean than just that? (Para. 67) We drove up Eloff Street, and he asked, “Did you know what I meant?” He wanted to make sure that I understood him. Being a black, I knew very well that he couldn’t be talking about it being dangerous in Orlando at night. He was saying that it was dangerous to break the Apartheid laws by showing up in Orlando at night. What else could he mean other than that? go to 13

65. III.Sentence Paraphrase 13 Yes, I knew what he meant, and I knew that for God’s sake he wanted to touch me too and he couldn’t; for his eyes had been blinded by years in the dark. And I thought it was a pity he was blind, for if men never touch each other, they’ll hurt each other one day. (Para. 70) Yes, I knew what he meant, and I knew, too, that he really wanted to touch me. But he couldn’t, for he had been influenced by racism for so long that he was now unable to see the truth and behave accordingly. And I thought it was a sad thing, because if you don’t understand each other and don’t care for each other, some day you will hurt each other. Racial prejudices are bound to lead to terrible sufferings for both sides. go to 14

66. III.Sentence Paraphrase 14 And it was a pity he was blind, and couldn’t touch me, for black men don’t touch white men any more; only by accident, when they make something like Mother and Child. (Para. 70) And it was a pity he could not see the truth and couldn’t open up completely to me and embrace me as his brother, for black people could only touch them by accident as in this case. They would not have had the chance to be moved by the sculpture Mother and Child if it had not been for the oversight. go to 15

67. III.Sentence Paraphrase 15 … and my inarticulateness distressed me,… (Para. 72) … and my inability to express myself upset me; Or The fact that I could not clearly express what I was thinking made me upset. go to 16 being unable to express oneself clearly; being at a loss for words

68. III.Sentence Paraphrase 16 … but I was thinking he was like a man trying to run a race in iron shoes, and not understanding why he cannot move. (Para. 75) But I was thinking that he was much like a man trying to run but couldn’t because he was still not completely free from racist prejudices which were dragging his feet like iron shoes. And the sad thing was that he still did not know what was preventing their land, which otherwise was so beautiful, from becoming a country that would not break his heart. The wall was in his own heart. present participle, modifying “a man” The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

69. Part Four ENTER

70. I.Word StudyWord Study II.Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions III.Word BuildingWord Building IV.GrammarGrammar Language Study

71. I.Word Study Word list: 1. avertavert 2. backdropbackdrop 3. confidentiallyconfidentially 4. conscienceconscience 5. constrainconstrain 6. contemplationcontemplation 7. expelexpel 8. impersonalimpersonal 9. inarticulateinarticulate 10. insolubleinsoluble 11. jubileejubilee 12. outcryoutcry 13. polishpolish 14. renouncerenounce 15. reprimandreprimand 16. segregatesegregate 17. sensationsensation 18. strainedstrained 19. sociablesociable 20. slumpslump

72. I.Word Study 1. avert vt. to prevent something unpleasant from happening Examples: Talks will be held today in a final attempt to avert strike action. Luckily the pilot saw the other plane just in time, and a disaster was narrowly averted. I was relieved that we had averted yet another financial crisis. Synonyms prevent/stop avoid head off guard against “avert” phrase To be continued on the next page.

73. I.Word Study avert one’s gaze/eyes to look away from something so that you do not see it Examples: I wish I had power, just power enough to avert my eyes from her. Henry averted his eyes as she undressed. I averted my gaze and felt uncomfortable. Synonyms look away look up look around turn your face away Word formation aversion (n.)

74. I.Word Study n. a. the scenery behind something that you are looking at b. the conditions or situation in which something happens Examples: The sea made a splendid backdrop to the garden. All this romance is set against a backdrop of rural Irish life. 2. backdrop

75. I.Word Study 3. confidential a. spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret Examples: The information we received is of a highly confidential nature and relates to national security. We hold confidential records on each employee. covert undercover be veiled/ shrouded/cloaked in secrecy hush-hush Synonyms

76. I.Word Study n. a. the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong Examples: He was a man of strong social conscience, who actively campaigned against poverty in all its forms. Well, at least I can face them all with a clear conscience (=when you know that you have done nothing wrong). Word formation Consci ` entious (a.) 4. conscience (1) To be continued on the next page.

77. I.Word Study Examples: Ian felt a pang of conscience at having misjudged her. They have no conscience at all about cheating. (=not feel guilty about cheating) n. b. a guilty feeling that you have about something bad you have done Synonyms guilt remorse shame conscience (2)

78. I.Word Study v. a. to stop someone from doing what they want to do b. to limit something Examples: Financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients. He felt constrained to accept the invitation. Women’s employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments. 5. constrain

79. I.Word Study n. quiet, serious thinking about something Examples: The monks spend an hour in contemplation each morning. He, too, made simplifications, but slowly, after studied reflection and contemplation. Word formations contemplate (v.) contemplative (a.) 6. contemplation

80. I.Word Study 7. expel (1) v. a. to force air, water, or gas etc. out of your body or out of a container Example: This spawning( 产卵 ) procedure will continue until the female has expelled all her eggs. To be continued on the next page.

81. I.Word Study b. to officially force someone to leave a school or organization Examples: Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs. The main opposition leader was expelled from her party. They threatened to expel him if he didn't follow the party line. Synonyms throw/kick out exclude expel (2) To be continued on the next page.

82. I.Word Study c. to force a foreigner to leave a country, esp. because he has broken the law or for political reasons Example: The government is trying to expel all foreign journalists. Synonyms exile/send sb. into exile deport banish repatriate Examples: Three diplomats were expelled for spying. expel (3)

83. I.Word Study 8. impersonal a. a. not showing any feelings of sympathy, friendliness etc. b. a place or situation that is impersonal does not make people feel that they are important Examples: Business letters do not have to be impersonal and formal. I hate staying in hotels; they’re so impersonal. I had no desire to work for a large, impersonal organization. Synonyms unfriendly unwelcoming inhospitable forbidding

84. I.Word Study 9. inarticulate a. a. not able to express your feelings clearly or easily b. speech that is inarticulate is not clearly expressed or pronounced Synonyms be at a loss be lost for words Examples: My meetings with him left me inarticulate with rage. He is a shy and inarticulate man. He was calling, making inarticulate noises, grunting and angry. Word formations articulate (oppo.) inarticulateness/ inarticulacy (n.) inarticulately (adv.)

85. I.Word Study Examples: The cleaning-up operation after the oil spill will be difficult but not insoluble. The government has to deal with what seems like an insoluble political problem—racial harmony within the community. a. a. difficult or impossible to solve or explain; insolvable b. that cannot be dissolved Synonyms unsolved insolvable intractable dissolve melt 10. insoluble

86. I.Word Study silver jubilee golden jubilee diamond jubilee n. a date that is celebrated because it is exactly 25 years, 50 years etc after an important event compare anniversary Cen·tenary Do you know how many years they are marking? 50 years 60 years 25 years 11. jubilee

87. I.Word Study Examples: The closure of the local hospital has caused a huge public outcry. The public outcry against the executions made little difference. There was a widespread outcry over the increase in fuel tax. n. an angry protest by a lot of ordinary people Synonyms complaint protest grievance gripe 12. outcry

88. I.Word Study Examples: After she had polished the furniture, she cleaned the windows. A good polish now and then will keep the table looking new. furniture/shoe/floor,etc. polish(=a liquid, powder, or other substance that you rub into a surface to make it smooth and shiny) v.& n. a. to make something smooth, bright, and shiny by rubbing it 13. polish(1) To be continued on the next page.

89. I.Word Study Examples: Your essay is good, you just need to polish it a bit. Carla’s writing has potential, but it lacks polish. v.& n. b. to improve a piece of writing, a speech etc by making slight changes to it before it is completely finished “polish” phrases 13. polish (2) To be continued on the next page.

90. I.Word Study Examples: Sam polished off the rest of the pizza. He was polished off with a shotgun blast to the face. 1) polish sb./sth. off a) to finish food, work etc quickly or easily b) American English to kill or defeat a person or animal when they are weak or wounded To be continued on the next page.

91. I.Word Study Examples: You should polish up your Spanish before you go to Chile. The company needs to polish up its image. 2) polish sth. up a) to improve a skill or an ability by practising it (=polish up on sth. ) b) to make something seem better or more attractive to other people

92. I.Word Study Examples: He voluntarily renounced his U.S. citizenship. Bernard and Ellen went to visit Belinda, who had renounced her separatist tendencies sufficiently to marry a graphics designer. v. a. to give up (a title, for example), especially by formal announcement Synonyms give up abandon relinquish disclaim 14. renounce (1) To be continued on the next page.

93. I.Word Study Examples: We absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism. These groups must renounce violence if there is to be progress towards peace. Young people renounced capitalism in favor of peace and love. v. b. to publicly say or show that you no longer believe in something, or will no longer behave in a particular way Synonyms reject deny spurn 14. renounce (2)

94. I.Word Study Examples: Batley and Sheffield Eagles received a severe reprimand yesterday for the fighting which took place during their first-round Yorkshire Cup tie. Once he had forgotten to lock Mr Corcoran’s office and had been harshly reprimanded. The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty. v.& n. to tell someone officially that something they have done is very wrong Synonyms scold rebuke tell sb. off pull sb. up have a bone to pick with 15. Reprimand 申诉，谴责，斥责

95. I.Word Study Examples: Male prisoners were strictly segregated from the females. Schools should not segregate children with disabilities. Blacks were segregated from whites in schools. v. a. to separate one group of people from others, especially because they are of a different race, sex, or religion (oppo.) integrate Synonyms separate keep sb. apart isolate cut sb. off from keep… in quarantine apartheid (=segregation) 16. segregate (1) To be continued on the next page.

96. I.Word Study Examples: The coffee room had been segregated into smoking and non-smoking areas. They too were segregated into wagons for families and those for single men. v. b. to separate one part of a place or thing from another Word formations segregated (a.) segregation (n.) 16. segregate (2)

97. I.Word Study Examples: The news caused a sensation because it proved that Dorlin still had gold deposits. This is a show that would cause a sensation in London or New York. In 1779 he created a sensation with a pocket chronometer, called No. 36. n. extreme excitement or interest, or someone or something that causes this Word formations sensational (a.) sensationalize (v.) 17. sensation (1) To be continued on the next page.

98. I.Word Study Examples: But the thick, hardened layers of dead skin sometimes press on the nerve, causing a burning sensation when you walk. One sign of a heart attack is a tingling sensation in the left arm. A prickling sensation running the length of her spine told her that Rourke had made an appearance. n. a feeling that you get from one of your five senses, especially the sense of touch 17. sensation (2) To be continued on the next page.

99. I.Word Study Examples: Caroline had the sensation that she was being watched. It was a strange sensation—I felt I’d been there before. At first there is the odd sensation of panic, the feel of coming to an alien city. n. a feeling that is difficult to describe, caused by a particular event, experience, or memory 17. sensation (3)

100. I.Word Study Examples: Nina’s voice sounded strained. She had difficulty attending to Mrs. Browning’s questions and replied in a strained voice. Lesley-Jane looked strained and peaky and her performance was once again subdued. a. a. showing the effects of worry or too much work 18. strained (1) To be continued on the next page.

101. I.Word Study Examples: After the argument there was a strained silence. I couldn’t stand the strained atmosphere at dinner any more. Our relationship became very strained because I had refused to lend him money. a. b. a strained situation or behavior is not relaxed, natural, or friendly Synonyms tense uneasy unsettling nerve-wracking charged More study on “strain” 18. strained (2) To be continued on the next page.

102. I.Word Study strain one’s authority strain one’s eyes/ears strain every nerve Do not strain yourself. the strain of sleepless nights be a strain on sb. resources a strain in the arm a stained laugh crack/collapse under the strain 滥用权威 尽力倾听 / 注视 全力以赴；竭尽全力 别太劳累 连夜不眠的过度劳累 对某人的财力是一项重担 手臂扭伤 勉强的笑 不堪重负

103. I.Word Study Examples: She’s a friendly, sociable woman. Some research has shown that people without brothers and sisters tend to be less sociable. She had her back to me and didn’t seem very sociable. a. someone who is sociable is friendly and enjoys being with other people Word formations unsociable (oppo.) sociably (adv.) sociability (n.) Similar expressions outgoing extrovert 19. sociable

104. I.Word Study Examples: Carol slumped back in her chair, defeated. Ben staggered and slumped onto the floor. As house sales have slumped, so has spending on department-store specialties like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances. The currency slumped to a record low. v. a. to fall or lean against something because you are not strong enough to stand b. to suddenly go down in price, value, or number opposite soar 20. slump (1) To be continued on the next page.

105. I.Word Study Examples: The slump in the property market is making it difficult for people to sell their homes. The post-war slump sent the unemployment figures to twice the expected level. The war was followed by an economic slump. n. a. a sudden decrease in prices, sales, profits etc b. a period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs Synonyms depression recession crash Opposite boom 20. slump (2) The end of Word Study.

106. II. Phrases and Expressions 1. and alland all 2. be at one’s easebe at one’s ease 3. be lost in thebe lost in the contemplation of 4. bring sth. to a closebring sth. to a close 5. feel up to sth.feel up to sth. 6. get beyond sbget beyond sb 7. not for all the money innot for all the money in the world List: 8. out of/from nowhereout of/from nowhere 9. out of the corner ofout of the corner of one’s eye 10. put down a drinkput down a drink 11. save sb./sth. fromsave sb./sth. from 12. squint atsquint at 13. talk out one’stalk out one’s heart to sb. 14. take a leaptake a leap

107. II.Phrases and Expressions including the thing or things just mentioned Examples: They ate the whole fish—head, bones, tail, and all. The boss promised to provide me with a computer and all. She had survived the accident, and all that mess afterwards. 1. and all

108. feeling relaxed, esp. in a situation in which people might feel a little nervous II.Phrases and Expressions Examples: She is never particularly at her ease in his office. And they looked happy and at (their) ease as they moved inside to the enormous champagne reception Mel had arranged. 2. be at one’s ease

109. Examples: Like a dreamer, the Apolline artist is lost in contemplation of something outside himself and does not identify with it. William is looking out of the window, lost in contemplation. thinking so hard about something, or being so interested in something, that you do not notice what is happening around you II.Phrases and Expressions Similar phrase be lost in thought 3. be lost in the contemplation of

110. to end or conclude sth. Examples: Finally the meeting was brought to a close by the new chairman. Philpot’s retirement brought to a close an era in the life of the school. 4. bring sth. to a close II.Phrases and Expressions “close” phrases To be continued on the next page.

111. II.Phrases and Expressions cf. At the close of trade, the Dow Jones index was 1.92 points down. The monsoon season was drawing to a close (=ending). The event came to a close (=finished) with a disco.

112. II.Phrases and Expressions 5. feel up to sth. to have the strength, energy etc to do something; to be well enough to Examples: I just didn’t feel up to going. You don’t need to go back to school if you don’t feel up to it. He is scheduled to join the team in Calgary late today if his back is feeling up to it. Similar expressions be up to sth.

113. to become too difficult for someone to understand Examples: The whole problem got beyond him. Why Joan ever married such an idiot in the first place got beyond me. 6. get beyond sb. II.Phrases and Expressions

114. it is impossible to obtain or to do sth. Example: I can’t get a hold of that book for all the money in the world. 7. not for all the money in the world II.Phrases and Expressions

115. happening or appearing suddenly and without warning Examples: In the last few seconds, Gunnell came from nowhere to win another gold medal. From out of nowhere he asks me to marry him! I got to be careful—cars just suddenly come out from nowhere and it’s easy to have an accident. 8. out of/from nowhere II.Phrases and Expressions

116. to notice something accidentally, without turning your head towards it or looking for it Examples: Out of the corner of her eye she saw the dog running towards her. I caught a man tailing me out of the corner of my eye. 9. out of the corner of one’s eye II.Phrases and Expressions

117. to drink sth. up in one gulp Examples: He put down his coffee and asked for the bill. She put down her milk and ran for the bus. 10. put down a drink II.Phrases and Expressions Similar expressions gulp down swallow

118. to make someone or something safe from danger, harm, or destruction Examples: He saved the child from drowning. Conservationists are trying to save the whale from extinction. Financial experts are trying to save one of Britain’s biggest holiday companies from bankruptcy. 11. save sb./sth. from II.Phrases and Expressions

119. to look at something with your eyes partly closed in order to see better Examples: Mrs. Fanning squinted at the writing on the door. Stop squinting at the screen—put your glasses on. He had/took a squint at the headline of the news. II.Phrases and Expressions 12. squint at

120. to tell everything in one’s mind thoroughly and freely to sb.; to pour out one’s feelings to sb. Examples: Sometimes we need to talk out our heart to our friends. Come and talk out your heart to us. We’re ready to offer you help. 13. talk out one’s heart to sb. II.Phrases and Expressions

121. to have a quick jump/move in sth. Example: He took a leap in the interview and first asked me how much money I would expect to get in a month. 14. take a leap II.Phrases and Expressions “leap” phrases To be continued on the next page.

122. take a leap over an obstacle in one leap an enormous leap forward in/by leaps and bounds a leap of (the) imagination a leap in the dark leap year leap of faith Look before you leap. leap at II.Phrases and Expressions 越过障碍物 以一跃 巨大的跃进 飞跃地；极迅速地 想象力的飞跃 冒险的行动；轻举妄动 闰年 相信不可捉摸之事物 三思而后行 急切地抓住（机会等） The end of Phrases and Expressions.

123. III.Word Building List: 1.Prefix: a-a- ex- in- 2. Root: pelpel vert

124. III.Word Building abreast ablaze abreast abroad ahead aside 着火，燃烧 并肩，并排，并列 在国外，到国外 向前，在前头 在一边 prefix a-: in, on, at, by, with, to

125. expel III.Word Building prefix root exclude expose extract excavate expel ex-: out 排斥，排外 展出，揭露 抽出，拔出 挖出，发掘 赶出，逐出

126. incomprehensible III.Word Building prefix incomprehensible inarticulate insoluble indisputable inhuman inhospitable inharmonious in-: not 不能理解的，难懂的 说不出的，不能言喻的 （问题等）不能解决的 无可争辩的，无可置疑的 无人性的；非人的 不好客的，不殷勤的 不和谐的，不合调的

127. expel III.Word Building prefix root compel dispel expel impel propel propeller repel pel: to push, to drive 强迫，被迫，迫使 消除，驱散，赶走 开除，驱逐，赶走 迫使，驱使 推进，推动 推进器，螺旋桨 击退，使厌恶，抵制

128. avert III.Word Building prefix root avert revert divert convert pervert invert introvert extrovert subvert vert: to turn 转移（目光，思想等），防止 使颠倒，使回转，回复 转移，转向 变换，转变 反常 使颠倒，使转化，转化的 使内向，内省，内向性格的人 外向性格的人 推翻，颠覆 The end of Word Building.

129. IV.Grammar Subject-verb Concord What is the guiding principle here? subject-verb concord To be continued on the next page. Study & identify the grammar rules in the sentences. 1. The committee of the sculpture section received a private reprimand for having been so careless as to omit the words “for whites only” from the conditions, but was told, by a very high personage, it is said, that if Simelane’s work “was indisputably the best”, it should receive the award. (Para. 2) 2. The committee are divided in opinion about this problem.

130. IV.Grammar There are collective nouns that can be used either as plural or as singular. The choice of the verb form following such nouns depends on the exact meaning of the noun in a specific context. When the noun is used in the sense of a collective as a whole, the verb takes the singular form. If, on the other hand, the noun is used in the sense of the individuals that make the collective, the verb takes the plural form. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (1) More examples To be continued on the next page.

131. IV.Grammar That group of soldiers is a to-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (1) The football team is being reorganized. The football team are having baths and are then coming back here for tea. To be continued on the next page.

132. IV.Grammar Subject-verb Concord subject-verb concord What is the guiding principle here? Study & identify the grammar rules in the sentences. 1. …but in certain powerful quarters, there was an outcry against any departure form the “traditional policies” of the country, and a threat that many white prize-winners would renounce their prizes. (Para. 3) 2. On the one side was a wall, and plenty of fresh air, and far down below von Brandis Street. (Para. 37) To be continued on the next page.

133. IV.Grammar Here the problem of concord is generally dealt with according to the principle of proximity. This principle can also find its use in other structures, such as coordination with “or”/”either… or”, “nor”/”neither… nor”, “not only… but also”, “together with”, “along with”, “as well as”, and “in addition to”. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (2) More examples To be continued on the next page.

134. IV.Grammar 1. My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. 2. Either my father or my brothers are coming. 3. Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 4. There is a long springboard, and three rafts at varying distances from the shore. 5. John, as well as his sister, is coming to the party tonight. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (2) To be continued on the next page.

135. IV.Grammar Subject-verb Concord Study & identify the grammar rules in the sentences. 5. … that one of the reasons listed, say, banker’s loans, was most important. (Lesson 3, Para. 10) 4. Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. subject-verb concord What is the guiding principle here? To be continued on the next page.

136. IV.Grammar In the construction of “one of +plural nouns +relative clause”, the principle of grammatical concord is generally observed. Sometimes, esp. in British English, in order to lay emphasis on “one”, the verb can also take the singular form. When “one” is preceded by “the” or “the only”, the verb can only be singular. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (3) More examples To be continued on the next page.

137. IV.Grammar 1. I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy. 2. Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 3. Selfishness is the one of her many faults which defeats itself. 4. He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment. Subject-verb Concord—guiding principle (3) The end of Grammar.

138. Part Four This is the end of Lesson Four.