1. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Healthy Diet and Exercise Defence Against Infection A healthy diet has the right balance of different nutrients like: P____________ for growth F____________ for energy C____________ for energy Small amounts of v_______ and m____________. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. They include v________, b_________ and fungi. If they get into the body, they can reproduce and make us ill. Our body has defence mechanisms: The s_____ is a barrier to pathogens Respiratory tract is protected by m_______ and c________ The acid in the s_________ kills most pathogens. V____________ are dead or weakened pathogens that cause white blood cells to create a___________ which give us immunity Semmelweiss: Saved many lives by telling doctors to wash their h________ between patients. A________ kill bacteria, but not viruses. Pain killers only relieve s_________ (make you feel better). M_____________ may cause a new strain of bacteria that is r_______________ to antibiotics. MRSA is an example of this Asceptic Techniques: uncontaminated cultures of microorganims are needed for investigating disinfectants and anitbiotics. Schools culture samples at a max of ________ °C to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens. Without a healthy diet, a person may become m____________. This could lead to deficiency diseases or other diseases like d_________ type II. Taking in too much energy can lead to being o__________ or even o_________. Taking in too little energy can lead to being u____________. Inherited factors may affect health. An example of this is the m______________ r_____ (the rate of chemical reactions in the body) and C__________ levels in the blood. Exercise can change your m________ r_____ and help to keep you healthy. V________ need living cells to reproduce. B_________ create toxins that damage cells. If pathogens do get into our bodies, white blood cells: I__________ them (consume them) Produce a___________ and antitoxins.

2. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Healthy Diet and Exercise Defence Against Infection A healthy diet has the right balance of different nutrients like: Proteins for growth Fats for energy Carbohydrates for energy Small amounts of vitamins and minerals. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. They include viruses, bacteria and fungi. If they get into the body, they can reproduce and make us ill. Our body has defence mechanisms: The skin is a barrier to pathogens Respiratory tract is protected by mucus and cillia. The acid in the stomach kills most pathogens. Viruses are dead or weakened pathogens that cause white blood cells to create antibodies which give us immunity Semmelweiss: Saved many lives by telling doctors to wash their hands between patients. Antibiotics kill bacteria, but not viruses. Pain killers only relieve symptoms make you feel better). Mutations may cause a new strain of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. MRSA is an example of this Asceptic Techniques: uncontaminated cultures of microorganims are needed for investigating disinfectants and anitbiotics. Schools culture samples at a max of 25 °C to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens. Without a healthy diet, a person may become malnourished This could lead to deficiency diseases or other diseases like diabetes type II. Taking in too much energy can lead to being overweight or even obese. Taking in too little energy can lead to being underweight. Inherited factors may affect health. An example of this is the metabolic rate (the rate of chemical reactions in the body) and Cholesterol levels in the blood. Exercise can change your metabolic rate and help to keep you healthy. Viruses need living cells to reproduce. Bacteria create toxins that damage cells. If pathogens do get into our bodies, white blood cells: IngestI them (consume them) Produce antibodies and antitoxins.

3. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Learning Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstandings Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail

4. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Nutrients in food Protein Fats Carbohydrates Vitamins and Minerals Water Fibre Water and Fibre are not actually nutrients, but are an important part of a healthy diet

5. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Eating the right amount The amount of energy you need depends on many things: The older you are the 1. ______ energy you need. Women usually require 2. _____ energy than men. Pregnant women require 3. _____ energy than other women. If you are not active, you require 4. ______ energy than someone who is active. It also depends on your 5.____________ rate.

6. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Eating the right amount The amount of energy you need depends on many things: The older you are the 1. ______ energy you need. Women usually require 2. _____ energy than men. Pregnant women require 3. _____ energy than other women. If you are not active, you require 4. ______ energy than someone who is active. It also depends on your ____________ rate. less more less metabolic

7. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease More energy than you use Over time, taking in (more/less) energy than you use can cause an increase in body mass. Eventually this can lead to being overweight or even _________.

8. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Being overweight May be other health problems: High blood pressure Heart disease Joint problems Type II diabetes

9. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease 2 2

10. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Pathogens What is a pathogen?

11. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Bacteria Tuberculosis Conjunctivitis Food Poisoning cholera

12. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Virus Polio Herpes Cold and Flu Chicken Pox

13. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Fungi Ringworm SEVERE Athlete’s foot Valley fever

14. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Your body’s defences How do we keep from being infected?

15. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease The stomach contains strong _________that kills most microbes you swallow Did you know? Your ear wax and _________ contain an enzyme that can break down some microbes Your respiratory system is lined with sticky ___________ that traps microbes. It can then be spat out or swallowed into the stomach. Skin covers the whole body and acts as a __________ to infection Words to use: Acid, tears, barrier, mucus When you’re finished: If a pathogen survives these barriers, how else are we protected?

16. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease White Blood Cells White blood cells are part of the immune system They attack pathogens by: _______________ them (engulfing them) Killing them with specific ______________ Ingesting Antibodies

17. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Vaccination A vaccine is a _________ or ________ pathogen that causes or white blood cells to release ___________. If we are infected with the live pathogen in future, our white blood cells react much faster – we are _________!

18. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Ignaz Semmelweiss Radical idea that infection could be passed on: Through touching Unclean surgical equipment Unclean bedding Many doctors didn’t believe him! Thought it was God’s will.

19. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Asceptic Technique Sterilised culture and petri dish to kill all microorganisms Secure the lid of the petri dish! Use a sterilised inoculating loop to transfer microorganisms

20. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Medicines If you do get sick, you usually take medicines Do they kill the pathogen, or just make you feel better?

21. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Non-resistant strain Resistant strain Here is a microscope image of bacteria. To kill them, we are going to add an ___________. Resistance in some bacteria is caused by ________. These are natural and occur randomly. How many bacteria would survive?. If it is a new strain, people will not be immune to it. If there are no antibiotics to treat it it could lead to an ______________ - if it spreads worldwide it would be a __________________. What would happen if we added the same antibiotic? Antibiotic Resistance

22. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Non-resistant strain Resistant strain Here is a microscope image of bacteria. To kill them, we are going to add an ___________. Resistance in some bacteria is caused by ________. These are natural and occur randomly. How many bacteria would survive?. If it is a new strain, people will not be immune to it. If there are no antibiotics to treat it it could lead to an ______________ - if it spreads worldwide it would be a __________________. What would happen if we added the same antibiotic? They are resistant/they would survive/antibiotic doesn’t affect them Antibiotic Resistance epidemic pandemic antibiotic mutation

23. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease

24. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease

25. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease

26. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Higher Doctor, I have a bit of a sore throat, can I have some antibiotics? I’ve had a look and it is definitely a bacterial infection, but I’m not giving you any antibiotics. You’ll just have to tough it out.

27. Practice answering past exam questions Explain parts of the topic in detail Outcomes Revise the topic and identify any misunderstand ings Key Words Pathogens Disease Higher – Antibacterial Resistance

28. Healthy Diet and Exercise Defence Against Infection A healthy diet has the right balance of different nutrients like: P____________ for growth F____________ for energy C____________ for energy Small amounts of v_______ and m____________. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. They include v________, b_________ and fungi. If they get into the body, they can reproduce and make us ill. Our body has defence mechanisms: The s_____ is a barrier to pathogens Respiratory tract is protected by m_______ and c________ The acid in the s_________ kills most pathogens. V____________ are dead or weakened pathogens that cause white blood cells to create a___________ which give us immunity Semmelweiss: Saved many lives by telling doctors to wash their h________ between patients. A________ kill bacteria, but not viruses. Pain killers only relieve s_________ (make you feel better). M_____________ may cause a new strain of bacteria that is r_______________ to antibiotics. MRSA is an example of this Asceptic Techniques: uncontaminated cultures of microorganims are needed for investigating disinfectants and anitbiotics. Schools culture samples at a max of ________ °C to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens. Without a healthy diet, a person may become m____________. This could lead to deficiency diseases or other diseases like d_________ type II. Taking in too much energy can lead to being o__________ or even o_________. Taking in too little energy can lead to being u____________. Inherited factors may affect health. An example of this is the m______________ r_____ (the rate of chemical reactions in the body) and C__________ levels in the blood. Exercise can change your m________ r_____ and help to keep you healthy. V________ need living cells to reproduce. B_________ create toxins that damage cells. If pathogens do get into our bodies, white blood cells: I__________ them (consume them) Produce a___________ and antitoxins.