1. CH21 Ocean Water Mrs. Kummer Earth Science, Fall 2014

2. Properties of Ocean Water 1.Dissolved gases 2.Dissolved solids 3.Salinity 4.Temperature 5.Density 6.Color KidsGeo.com. Web. 1 Jul 2011..

3. Dissolved Gases 3 gases make up atmosphere (air) – Nitrogen (N 2 ) – Oxygen (O 2 ) – Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) 3 gases dissolved in ocean water – Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) is most easily dissolved in ocean water – Oxygen (O 2 ) – Nitrogen(N 2 )

4. Dissolved Gases Gases enter at rivers, streams, volcanic eruptions, and organisms living in ocean

5. Dissolved Gases Temperature affects amount of gases dissolved – Colder water  gases dissolve better, held longer – Warmer water  gases don’t dissolve as easily Oceans contain 60 times more carbon than atmosphere Oceans called “carbon sink” – can trap CO 2 for hundreds to thousands of years

6. Dissolved Solids Six Solids found in ocean water: Cl, Na, Mg, S, Ca, K Sea salts = 3.5% mass of ocean water

7. Dissolved Solids Halite (Sodium & Chlorine) make up 85% of dissolved solids

8. Dissolved Solids Sources of sea salts: 1.Volcanic eruptions

9. Dissolved Solids 2. Chemical weathering of land rock

10. Dissolved Solids 3. Chemical reactions between sea water & newly formed sea-floor rocks

11. Salinity Measure of amount of dissolved salts in 1kg of ocean water Average salinity is 3.3% to 3.6% So, if you evaporate out 1000 grams of water from the ocean, 35 grams of salt would remain

12. Salinity Factors that change salinity: – Rate of evaporation is higher than precipitation, salinity increased – Polar waters have low evaporation, melting of ice from sunlight, numerous rivers leading to low salinity

13. Salinity Can vary greatly depending on location – Red Sea has hot & dry climate = high salinity

14. Temperature Varies with depth & location Affected by solar energy Colder near poles – Pack ice or floating ice covering top 5 meters of ocean surface – Insulates water below & prevents freezing

15. "Climatology SST." Web. 1 Jul 2011..

16. Temperature Thermocline- zone of rapid temperature change Temperature drops with increased depth – Water near surface is less dense so heats better but doesn’t mix well with below layers Colder water = more dense – Controls the movement of deep ocean currents – Holds more dissolved gases than warmer

18. Density Remember from Week#2, ρ=m/V Factors that effect density of ocean water: 1. Salinity (more salt = more dense) 2. Temperature (colder = more dense) Densest water is found in polar regions – Cold water is constantly sinking to bottom of ocean

19. Color Determined by way it absorbs or reflects sunlight Water absorbs most colors of visible light Blue wavelengths are reflected "The Tube." Flickr. Web. 1 Jul 2011.. "Vibrant Orange Sunrise Ocean Spray." Web. 1 Jul 2011..

20. Color Importance – Substances or organisms can effect color Ex.) phytoplankton (absorbs red/blue but reflects green) – Scientists can determine the health of the ocean Phytoplankton present = healthy ocean

21. "Plankton bloom off Waiheke Island." Web. 1 Jul 2011.. Plankton forms off of New Zealand because of abundant food sources.

22. Textbook Resource Allison, Ph.D., Mead A., Arthur T. DeGaetano, Ph.D., and Jay M. Pasachoff, Ph.D. Earth Science. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2008. 26-45, 754-767. Print.

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Divisions of the Marine Environment I.Pelagic (open sea) – Neritic (< 200 meters) and oceanic II.Benthic (sea floor) – Subneritic and suboceanic

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelagic Environment Divided into biozones 1.Neritic Province – from shore seaward, all water < 200 meters deep 2.Oceanic Province – depth increases beyond 200 meters

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oceanic Province Further subdivided into four biozones 1.Epipelagic a)Only zone to support photosynthesis b)Dissolved oxygen decreases around 200 meters 2.Mesopelagic a)Organisms capable of bioluminescence common 3.Bathypelagic 4.Abyssopelagic

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ocean Zones Based on Light Availability I.Euphotic – surface to where enough light exists to support photosynthesis II.Disphotic – small but measurable quantities of light III.Aphotic – no light

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthic Environments I.Supralittoral II.Subneritic 1.Littoral 2.Sublittoral a)Inner b)Outer III.Suboceanic 1.Bathyal 2.Abyssal 3.Hadal

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Organisms of the Deep