1. The Endangered Species in Poland ZSM nr 1 Grajewo 2012 / 2013Justyna Ćwik

3. The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. The Black Stork is a large bird, 95 to 100 cm in length with a 145–155 cm wingspan. They can stand as tall as 102 cm. It has long legs, a long neck, and a long, straight, pointed beak. The plumage is all black, except for the white breast, belly and red bill, legs. He lives in a vast, marshy forests with a lot of lakes, ponds, marshes and meadows. He eats aquatic insects, fishes, frogs and newts. They nests in tall trees, sometimes on the rocks and the clefts of the mountainsides. There is one brood per year with 3-5 white eggs, which are hatched 36 days. The chicks are fed by parents of about 65 days.It is in central and eastern Europe and Asia. In Poland they are protected.

4. The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It is in Central Europe and the Apennine Peninsula. It lives in large, wet meadows and large bogs. It have 13 cm in length and wingspan of 19 cm. Coloration of back, wings and tail is gray-brown with darker markings, the head have three yellow-white stripes, chest and abdomen are clear. There are 1-2 broods per year with 3-5 eggs, which are laid in a nest in low vegetation. Eggs are hatched 14 days. The young leave the nest after about 18 days. In Poland there is a little quantity of aquatic warblers in the north of the country. They are wintering in Africa and Asia Minor.

5. The Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) is a medium- sized wading bird that breeds in marshes and wet meadows across northern Eurasia. It eats invertebrates, seeds and berries. It has 25-30 cm in length. The male is much larger than the female. Wintering in Africa, in western and southern Asia. In Poland nests mainly in the northeast of the country.

6. The Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), also known as the Wood Grouse, Heather Cock or Capercaillie is the largest member of the grouse family. It is in the northern and central Europe, northern Asia and the Balkans. It lives in dense forests with berry undergrowth. It has weight of 6.5 kg and wingspan of 90 to 125 cm. The male is much larger than the female. It eats seeds, young shoots of plants, insects, snails, berries and acorns, in winter pine and spruce needles too. The female has 6-12 eggs and hatches them for about 28 days and after that she takes care of them. In Poland western capercaillies are mainly in the north-east and the south of the country - in the mountains. It is bird with the period of protection.

7. The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It lives in western Greenland, Iceland, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor and Central. It lives in large old tree stands near large bodies of water and steep sea coasts. It measures 66–94 cm in length with a 1.78–2.45 m wingspan. Weight of up to 6 kg. The female is much larger than the male. Coloration males and females is the same: beige head and neck, huge yellow beak, dark brown wings and abdomen, white tail, yellow spike of legs, clawed fingers. Some varieties are very clear - fawn beige. It eats fishes, waterfowl, rabbits, young roe-deers, often carrion too. There is one brood per year with 2 eggs. In Poland there is a little quantity of White-tailed Eagles in the north of the country.

8. The Black Grouse or Blackgame (Tetrao tetrix) is a large game bird in the grouse family. It likes moorland and bog areas near to forests, mostly boreal. The female is greyish-brown. The male is very distinctive, with black plumage, apart from red wattles and a white wingbar. The female has 7-12 eggs and hatches them for 27 days. They eat mainly plants – fruits, seeds, shoots, buds, leafs and forest fruits. In summer they pick up invertebrates for their chicks. In Poland they are in the east and south of the country.

9. The Great Snipe (Gallinago media) is a small stocky wader in the genus Gallinago. It likes marshes and wet meadows with short vegetation in north-eastern Europe including north- western Russia. Great Snipes are wintering in Africa. It has 26–30 cm in length and 42–50 cm wingspan. The body is mottled brown on top and barred underneath. They have a dark stripe through the eye. The wings are broad. They mainly eat insects and earthworms, and occasional plant material. Eggs are hatched by the male. He has 3-4 eggs and hatches them for 27 days. In Poland the great snipe is a species of the season of protection.

10. The Western Marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is a large harrier bird. It has 43-54 cm in length and has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm. The male's plumage is reddish-brown with light yellow streaks. The head and shoulders are greyish-yellowish. The legs and feet are yellow. The female is almost chocolate-brown. The top of the head, the throat and the shoulders have yellow colour. The female is a little larger than the male. It eats small mammals, small birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs, but mainly eggs and chicks of other birds. It lives in Europe, Asia and Africa. It’s wintering in the south Europe and in Africa. In Poland it is in the lowlands.

11. The Common Crane (Grus grus) is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. It lives in the northern and eastern Eurasia, locally in southern Europe, the Caucasus and Asia Minor. It is 100–130 cm tall with a 180–240 cm wingspan. This species is slate-grey overall. The forehead and lores are black with a bare red crown and a white streak extending from behind the eyes to the back. The overall colour is darkest on the back and rump and palest on the breast and wings. The edges of upper tail coverts are all black. It has yellowish-brown tips to its body feathers. Crane eats seeds, berries, shoots of plants, insects, mollusks and small vertebrates. It’s wintering in the northern and eastern Africa and western Asia. In Poland it is in the north-east if the country.

12. A grebe is a member of the Podicipediformes order. It has long head, sharp beak, long, thin neck and short legs. Wings are short and pointed. Body color is gray-brown to black, with a lighter underside. They eat fishes and aquatic invertebrates. The Female has 2-6 eggs, which are hatched by both parents for 21-28 days. The most popular grebes are the Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus).

13. The European bison (Bison bonasus), wisent, European wood bison is a Eurasian species of bison. It lives in mixed forests, always near swamps, rivers or water bodies. It is about 2.1 to 3.5 m long and 1.6 to 2 m tall. Weight typically can range from 300 to 920 kg, with an occasional big bull to 1,000 kg or more. The male are much larger than the female. It is active in the day. It lives in droves of few bisons. In these droves are one adult bull (the male), some cows (the female) and young, sometimes with few young males too. It eats only plants (herbivorous). The female give birth for 1-2 young. The European bison live 30-35 years.

14. The wildcat (Felis silvestris) is a small cat found throughout most of Africa, Europe, and southwest and central Asia. Body length 46-90 cm, tail 25-40 cm, weight 4-18 kg. The male is much larger than the female. The wildcat is similar to a domestic cat, but it is larger, heavier and has shorter tail and ears. Pelage is long and dense. Active at night. It lives alone, hunts for small mammals (especially rodents), birds, frogs and fishes, sometimes small roe-deers, fawns and lambskins. After 65-69 days of pregnancy, female gives birth to 1-4 young. Males is mature at the age of about 22 months, females - about 10 months.

15. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests, South Asia and East Asia. Length from 80 to 130 cm and standing about 70 cm at the shoulder. The tail measures 11 to 25 cm in length. Males usually weigh from 18 to 30 kg and females weigh 8 to 21 kg. During the summer, the Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat. In winter, coat is from silver-grey to greyish-brown. The senses are well developed. It can climbs up trees. Active during the day and at dusk, in the summer active at night. It eats birds and mammals like roe-deers and young deers, often mice, other predators like wild cats, frogs, fish, and reptiles. Pregnancy lasts about 72 days. The female has 2-3 young.

16. The bird family cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) is represented by some 40 species of cormorants. Cormorants are medium-to-large seabirds. They range in size from the Pygmy Cormorant, at as little as 45 cm and 340 g, to the Flightless Cormorant, at a maximum size 100 cm and 5 kg. They have long body and neck. Many species have areas of coloured skin on the face which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives. All are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive. Under water they propel themselves with their feet. Some cormorant species have been found, using depth gauges, to dive to depths of as much as 45 metres. They have usually 2-4 eggs.

17. The Short-toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) also known as Short-toed Eagle, is a medium- sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. Adults are 62–67 cm long with a 170–185 cm wingspan and weigh 1.2–2.3 kg. They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an owl-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing. They live in southern, central and eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia to India, inclusive. Their preys are mostly reptiles, mainly snakes, but also some lizards. Sometimes they become entangled with larger snakes and battle on the ground. Occasionally, they prey on small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, and rarely birds and large insects. The female lays 1-2 eggs. In Poland they are very rare.

18. The pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Eurasia from France to Russia and Kazakhstan. Wingspan - 20-30 cm, weight - 11-23 g, body length - 6 - 6.8 cm. Hunting occurs over water, meadows and along woodland edges, with rapid, skillful flight (sometimes only 5-10 cm above water). Prey includes gnats, mosquitoes, moths and insects caught from the surface of the water. The species is endangered. It occurs throughout the country, but it is rare in Poland. It prefers lowland near the lakes.

19. The Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) is a small stocky wader. It is the smallest snipe, and the only member of the genus Lymnocryptes. Length is 18– 25 cm, wingspan is 30–41 cm and weight is 33–73 g. The body is mottled brown on top and pale underneath. They have a dark stripe through the eye. The wings are pointed and narrow, and yellow back stripes are visible in flight. They mainly eat insects and earthworms, also plant material. The female has 4 eggs which are hatched for 20 days. Wintering in southern Europe, Africa and South Asia. In Poland is rare during autumn wanders.

20. The Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) is a large bird of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. It occurs in central and eastern Europe and central Asia to the North-eastern China. It is 59–71 cm in length and has a wingspan of 157–179 cm and a typical body mass of 1.6–2.5 kg. The female is larger than the male. Head and wing coverts are very dark brown and contrast with the generally medium brown plumage. It hunts for small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and insects. It likes to feed on carrion. The female has 2 eggs, which are hatched for about 6 weeks. Wintering in South Asia and North Africa. In Poland there are not many of greater spotted eagles. They occur especially in the east of the country.

21. The Eurasian Wigeon, also known as Widgeon or Eurasian Widgeon (Anas penelope, previously Mareca penelope) is one of three species of wigeon in the dabbling duck genus Anas. This dabbling duck is 42–52 cm (17–20 in) long with a 71–80 cm (28–31 in) wingspan, and a weight of 500– 1,073 g (1.1–2.37 lb). The breeding male has grey flanks and back, with a black rear end and a dark green speculum and a brilliant white patch on upper wings, obvious in flight or at rest. It has a pink breast, white belly, and a chestnut head with a creamy crown. The female is light brown. It feeds on aquatic plants. It nests on the ground near water. The female has 4-11 eggs, which are hatched for 22-28 days. Wintering in the western and southern Europe and southern Asia. In Poland it is in the north and Silesia.

22. It has from 66 to 102 cm in length and it has a typical wingspan of 1.8 to 2.34 m. In the species overall, males average around 3.6 kg and females average around 5.1 kg. The Golden Eagle is a large, dark brown raptor with broad wings. They hunt mainly on medium- sized mammals and birds, but also feed on carrion. They can fly with speed 160 km/h. They can live even 100 years. The female has 2 eggs, which are hatched for 41-45 days. In Poland it is so rare, because there are only 15 pairs of golden eagles in all country, mainly in the Carpathians and Masuria. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae.

23. The Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) is a species of typical owl (family Strigidae). It has 34–43 cm in length and weight 206–475 g. It has large eyes, big head, short neck, and broad wings. Its bill is short, strong, hooked and black. Its plumage is mottled tawny to brown with a barred tail and wings. Active in the evening and during the day. Its food consists mainly of rodents, especially voles, but it will eat other small mammals such as mice, ground squirrels, shrews, rats, bats, muskrats and moles. Insects supplement the diet and Short-eared Owls may prey on roaches, grasshoppers, beetles and caterpillars.

24. European Weather Loach (Misgurnis fossilis) is a species of loach in the genus Misgurnus. It lives in Europe. It has length to 30 cm. Active mainly at night. It eats mostly aquatic invertebrates. Wintering in the muddy bottom, spawning takes place in the spring, the females lay eggs on aquatic plants. It is protect in Poland.

25. The Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) is a butterfly species of the family of Swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) found in Eurasia. Similar to the common cabbage butterfly. It appears mainly in June. In Poland it is rare, mostly in the Carpathians and Sudeten.

26. The Alcon Blue (Phengaris alcon) is a butterfly of the Lycaenidae family and is found in Europe and Northern Asia. It can be seen flying in mid to late summer. Like some other species of Lycaenidae, its larva (caterpillar) stage depends on support by certain ants; it is therefore known as a myrmecophile. Orachrysops niobe, another member of the Lycaenidae from South Africa, has a very similar life-cycle.

27. The Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) is a small tern generally found in or near inland water in Europe and North America. Adult are 25 cm long, with a wingspan 61 cm and weigh 62 g. They have short dark legs and a short, weak-looking black bill. They have a dark grey back, with a white forewing, black head, neck and belly, black or blackish-brown cap and a light brownish-grey 'square' tail. The face is white. It eats mainly terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, including aquatic insects and their larvae, leeches, annelids, spiders, but also small fish and amphibians, including tadpoles. Wintering on the coast of West Africa, where they fly along coasts of the Atlantic.

28. The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrines) is a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It has a body length of 34 to 58 cm and a wingspan from 74 to 120 cm. Males weigh 424 to 750 grams and the noticeably larger females weigh 910 to 1,500 grams. The Peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 322 km/h during its characteristic hunting stoop (high speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic program, the highest measured speed of a Peregrine Falcon is 389 km/h. The female has 2-5 yellow eggs, which are hatched 30 days. In Poland it is rare and protect bird.

29. The species name comes from the flattened shape of its shell. It eats food from the water filtering out. It can live from 8 to 18 years. The male is a little larger than the female. In Poland it is rare. The depressed river mussel (Pseudanodonta complanata) is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. The length of this animal not exceed 10 cm.

30. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a long-living freshwater species of turtle. It is found in southern and central Europe, West Asia and North Africa. The European pond turtle is a medium size turtle and varies quite a bit across its distribution, from 12 to 38 cm length. Its shell is brown with a hint of green, spotted yellow. Weight is to 1kg. European pond turtle feeds on aquatic invertebrates, fish and amphibians. The female has 4-20 eggs. After about 90 days the young hatch.

32. The Orchis is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). This genus occurs mainly in Europe, North-West Africa, and it stretches as far Tibet, Mongolia, China and Japan. These terrestrial orchids have tubers. They are extremely diverse in appearance. They produce an erect stem. The inflorescence is with yellow, red to purple flowers. They start flowering at the base, slowly progressing upwards. In Poland there are 17 species. The most common are western marsh orchid (Orchis latifolia) and Heath Spotted Orchid (Orchis maculata). Some species of this genus have flowers with specific shapes or smells, which lure insects.

33. The Short birch (Betula humilis) is short, straight tree, which looks like bush with height to 2m. Tree bark is black-brown. Leaves are small. Seedheads are cylindrical shape, straight, length 15mm. It is rare tree in Poland. It grows on the moors low in wet meadows and thickets, especially in the area of ​​ Pomerania and in the Lublin region. It is protect species in Poland.

34. The Jacob's Ladder or Greek valerian (Polemonium caeruleum) is a hardy perennial flowering plant. The plant produces cup-shaped, lavender- coloured or white flowers. It is native to temperate regions of Europe. The plant usually reaches a height from 45 to 60 centimeters, but some occasionally will be taller than 90 centimeters. The spread of the plant is also 45 to 60 centimeters. The plant is native to damp grasslands, woodlands, meadows and rocky areas in temperate areas of Europe. In Poland it is in the north-east of country and sometimes in the Carpathians. Often grown in gardens.

35. The Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium calceolus) is an orchid, and the type species of the genus Cypripedium. It is found typically in open woodland on moist calcareous soils. It is legally protected in a lot of countries. Because of the beautiful flowers, it was often used to be collected and after destroyed. In the gardens are sometimes cultivated species of this flowers from Asia or North America.

36. The Red Helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra) is an orchid found in Europe, north Africa and parts of Asia. Stalk straight, height of 30-60 cm. The Red Helleborine is found throughout most of Europe, east to the Urals and as far as 60 degrees north. It is however rare in Britain, the Low Countries and western France. It also occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and in various parts of southern Asia as far east as Iran. It has long, pointed leaves. It occurs in dry forests and thickets. Rare in Poland, only in the lowlands. It is thermophilic plant.

37. The Mud sedge or Shore sedge (Carex limosa) is a species of sedge. Height to 40 cm. It has a large rhizome and hairy roots. It produces a stem which is generally just under half a meter in height and has a few basal leaves which are long and threadlike. The tip of the stem is often occupied by a staminate spikelet, and below this hang one or more nodding pistillate spikelets. Some spikelets may have both male and female parts, however. Each fruit is a few millimeters long and spade-shaped. In Poland it is so rare, the most frequently in north-east of country.

38. The Iris Aphylla is species of bulbous plants in the family Iridaceae. Stalk height 20-40 cm, branched. Rhizome thick and short. Flowers purple, sessile, at base a little yellow or red. It blooms in May and June. It likes sunny slopes, grasslands and steppes. In Poland it is very rare in Silesia and Malopolska Upland.

39. The Snake`s Head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. Its common names include snake's head (the original English name), chess flower, frog-cup, guinea-hen flower, leper lily, Lazarus bell, checkered lily or, in northern Europe, simply fritillary. The flower has a chequered pattern in shades of purple, or is sometimes pure white. It flowers from March to May and grows between 15–40 cm in height. The plant has a button-shaped bulb, about 2 cm in diameter. It grows in grasslands in damp soils and river meadows at altitudes up to 800 m. In Poland, it can be found only in the valley of the San and sometimes in Western Pomerania. It is a poisonous plant.

40. The Viola epipsila (Dwarf Marsh Violet) is a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It occurs in Asia (Siberia and China), in the northern, central, eastern and south-eastern Europe and in North America. Plant’s height is 8–15 cm. Flowers blue with length 1,5–2 cm and fuzzy smell. In Poland it is very rare flower.

41. The Alpine bulrush (Trichophorum alpinum) is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family. It is present in Europe, Asia, and northern North America. This sedge produces stems up to 40 centimeters tall from a short rhizome. The leaves are no more than a centimeter long. The flowers have cottony white bristles that may extend 2 centimeters past the spikelet. This plant grows in bogs and calcareous mountain meadows. In Poland it is mainly in north-east of country, not a lot of it in West Pomerania, Plain Opole, in the Sudetenland and the High Tatras.

42. The Slender Cottonsedge (Eriophorum gracile) is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. It grows in wet areas such as bogs. It is a thin, tall perennial herb with a slender, rounded, solid, mostly naked stem reaching 30 to 60 centimeters in height. It produces a fluffy inflorescence atop its stem with a wispy, cottony white flower. The plants grow in colonies, often spreading vegetatively by rhizome. In Poland it is only in West Pomerania, the Masurian Lake District, near Augustow in Biebrza National Park and the Lublin Polesie.

43. The Swamp Willow (Salix myrtilloides) is a willow native to boglands in cool temperate to subarctic regions of northeastern Europe and northern Asia from central Norway and Poland eastwards to the Pacific Ocean coasts, with isolated populations further south in mountain bogs in the Alps, Carpathians and Sikhote-Alin mountains. It is a deciduous small shrub growing to 15–60 cm tall. The leaves are oval-acute, 15–20 mm long. The flowers are produced in catkins 1–2 cm long in the spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The leaves resemble bilberry leaves in shape. In Poland it is very rare. It is mainly in the Masurian Lake District, the lower Vistula, the Lublin region in the Bialowieza Forest, the Silesian Lowland and the Sudetenland.

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