1. Air Pollution as a Feedback Control Loop Andrew McCarthy

2. Introduction  Air Pollution Feedback Control  Purpose and Components of Feedback  Components of Air Pollution Feedback Control, with Mercury as a specific example

3. Air Pollution Feedback Control Air pollution is monitored and managed by a feedback control system

4. Air Pollution Feedback Control Economic growth has benefits, but with those benefits come risks, such as those caused by air pollution. As a result, the growth must be controlled.

5. Purpose of Feedback The primary reason for feedback control is to measure and compensate for the effect of disturbances.

6. 4 Elements of Feedback  Sensor  Reference Input  Comparator  Control Mechanism www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/feedbackloop.htm

7. Sensor The sensor measures the variable that we seek to control, also known as the control variable.

8. How is pollution sensed?  Monitoring agencies use EPA approved equipment. PM and lead are measured over a 24 hour period, whereas gaseous pollutants are measured hourly. Collected data is then compared to the Clean Air Act standards (NAAQS) for each pollutant.  In the case of Mercury, U.S. Bureau of Mines data is examined for the following categories: electrical, paint, agricultural chemicals, measuring and control instruments, lab use, pharmaceutical, dental, chlorine, caustic soda manufacturing, and other. This is combined with emission data such as 50% for coal, 75% for paint, and 30% for electrical, control equipment, and lab use. http://www.epa.gov/region08/air/monitoring/monitoring.html

9. Reference Input This specifies the value the controlled variable should have.

10. Pollution Reference Value The EPA creates Clean Air Act standards (NAAQS) for each pollutant. For the case of Mercury, the EPA sets standards depending upon the use. (ie 50 ppm for paint, 50% reduction by chlor- alkali industry by 2005, 90% emission reduction by municipal waste combustors by 2000, and 95% emission reduction by medical waste incinerators) http://www.epa.gov/region08/air/monitoring/monitoring.html http://www.usgs.gov

11. Pollution Reference Value NAAQS: Carbon Monoxide (9 ppm, 8 hour) PM10 (150ug/cubic meter, 24 hour) PM2.5 (65ug/cubic meter, 24 hour) Ozone (.08 ppm, 8 hour) Sulfur Oxides (.14 ppm, 24 hour) http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html

12. Comparator Compares the sensed value with the reference value. It also specifies the direction in which the correction needs to be made.

13. Air Pollution Comparator The EPA compares the data collected by monitoring sites to the Clean Air Act Standard. The EPA can, in the case of Mercury, monitor certain industries and the products they produce to determine if Mercury levels are within their guidelines. http://www.epa.gov/region08/air/monitoring/monitoring.html

14. Control Mechanism Takes the output of the comparator and corrects the sensed value in the direction of the reference input.

15. Air Pollution Control Mechanism If pollution levels are above the NAAQS and present a risk, the monitoring agency in the state must develop and implement a plan to reduce the air pollution. If mercury levels are too high in a given industry, the EPA can levy stiff financial penalties, and the industry opens itself to litigation. http://www.epa.gov/region08/air/monitoring/monitoring.html

16. Conclusion  Air Pollution Feedback Control  Purpose and Components of Feedback  Components of Air Pollution Feedback Control, with Mercury as a specific example

17. References http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/feedbackloop.htm http://www.acfr.usyd.edu.au/teaching/3rd-year/mech3800-SystemsControl/material/lectures/block%20diagrams.pdf http://www.engin.umich.edu/group/ctm/examples/examples.html http://www.epa.gov/region08/air/monitoring/monitoring.html http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html http://www.usgs.gov