1. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 1 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Basemaps for orienteering maps

2. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 2 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Topographic maps Cadastral maps Aerial photos, orthophotos Special photogrammetric plots Old orienteering maps Laser Airborne Scanning GPS data Types of possible basemaps

3. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 3 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 In some countries the largest scale of topographic maps (covering the whole country) is detailed enough for o-mapping: 1:10,000, 1:5000. Topographic maps

4. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 4 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Advantages: Relatively cheap. Easy to get. Good „average” accuracy: „skeleton”. Disadvantages: Accuracy in forest areas is not perfect. Contour lines are simplified (small details were discarded). Can be out-of-date. Orienteering features are mostly discarded: rock, path, pit. Topographic maps

5. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 5 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Cadastral maps Covers built-up areas (suitable for park maps), scales: 1:5000, 1:4000, 1:2000, 1:1000.

6. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 6 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Advantages: Very good accuracy. Relatively cheap. Available in digital formats (much frequently then topographic maps). Disadvantages: Available only in built-up areas. Not up-to-date (depending on the needs of the local authorities). In most cases contour lines are missing. Cadastral maps

7. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 7 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photos, orthophotos

8. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 8 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photos Is a must for producing orientering maps Giving the overview Placing and identifying objects and lines Quality difference Black and white or coloured Leaves, shadows Scale

9. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 9 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photos

10. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 10 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Advantages: Up-to-date (mostly) May cover very large areas Small areas are easy to fit if we have some fix points and lines (without using orthophotos) Very useful on open and semi-open areas Disadvantages: The simple airphoto contains distortions (because of the projection), the orthophoto can be very expensive In forest areas airphotos can show very few details Air photos, orthophotos

11. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 11 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Ortho photos

12. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 12 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 1. Aerial photos (with 60% Overlay) 2. Ground referencepoints (XYZ) 3. Stereoscope (3 Dimension data capturing) 4. Go on. Capture what is relevant in XY 5. Produce contour lines Output: drawing or file Aerial photogrammetry

13. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 13 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photogrammetry

14. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 14 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photogrammetry Principle:

15. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 15 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Aerial photogrammetry

16. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 16 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 In some countries the largest scale of topographic maps is not detailed enough for o-mapping: 1:20,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000. Special photogrammetric plots

17. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 17 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Special photogrammetric plots Advantages: Lot of details in most areas. Up-to-date (depending on the original photos). Disadvantages: Depending on the quality of photos (altitude of the flight, season when the photos were taken, vegetation). Good plots requires special orienteering view. Can be very expensive (special flight).

18. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 18 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 1. Luftbildaufnahme 2. Referenzpunkte (xyz-Werte) 3. Stereoskope 4. Plotter/Zeichentisch Interpretation of Aerial photos

19. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 19 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 1. Luftbildaufnahme 2. Referenzpunkte (xyz-Werte) 3. Stereoskope 4. Plotter/Zeichentisch Interpretation of Aerial photos

20. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 20 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Previous orienteering maps are good sources of information. The accuracy and reliability is depending on the previous mapping process (it is useful to get these information: who, how, when). Old orienteering maps

21. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 21 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Advantages: Real orienteering information, easily interpretable. Easy to access for orienteers. Disadvantages: The accuracy is uncertain (depending on the previous mapping process). Possible scale differences. Old orienteering maps 1979 1989 1968

22. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 22 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 If there are no available basemaps (foreign countries, poorly- mapped areas) GPS can help. The accuracy is just suitable for o-maps. GPS data

23. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 23 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 GPS data Advantages: Relatively fast method, gives really up-to-date result. Absolute accuracy. Working everywhere on the Earth, basemaps are not necessary. The measurement process is very simple (easy to teach). Disadvantages: Advanced skills are necessary (GPS knowledge) for organizing the whole process. Difficult to process height data (elevation data is less accurate). GPS receivers are relatively expensive. Very time-consuming to create the whole content of the basemap.

24. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 24 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 GPS data

25. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 25 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Airborne Laser-Scanning Basic principle Accuracy in height ± 15cm Frequency of bullets/impulse 1 b./imp./2m 2

26. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 26 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Airborne Laser-Scanning first received impulse last received impulse Laser impulse in forested areas

27. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 27 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Airborne Laser-Scanning Method of analyzing Laser raw data GRID TIN Contour lines

28. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 28 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Comparison of contours reliefs

29. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 29 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Outlook Hill shading

30. O-Map Seminar, South America October-November 2006 Instructors: László Zentai (HUN), Flemming Hjorth Jensen (DEN) 30 O-Map Seminar, Temuco, Chile 2006 Summary Depending on the local possibilities and experiences different kind of basemaps are possible to combine. But we have to decide in advance which one will give the real geometric base. Do we need absolute accuracy? Do we have time (and money) for this process?