1. woody shrubs and trees -2 0 1 Mean effect size ± bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI annual grasses perennial grass forb -0.5-1.50.5 Figure 1. Mean effect sizes by life form: woody shrubs and trees (n=22), forb, C. solstitialis (n=6), perennial grass, B. inermis (n=9), and annual grasses (n=35). Total heterogeneity (Q T ) is significant (p = 0.001), suggesting that other sources of variation beyond life form should be examined.

2. Figure 2. Mean effect sizes for season of burn: all burns, all life forms, spring (n=8), late spring (n=4), summer (n=18), late summer (n=3), and fall (n=34). Burned one time, spring (n=8), late spring ( n=4), summer (n=14), late summer (n=3), fall (n=21). There are significant differences between seasons (p = 0.05), and total heterogeneity (Q T ) is not significant, indicating consistency among responses to season of burn. Mean effect size ± bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI 0 -2-42-31 all burns (1-3 times) burned one time spring late spring summer late summer fall

3. Mean effect size ± bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI -2-402-31 fall spring late spring summer late summer Figure 3. Mean effect sizes for all annual grasses by season of burn: spring (n=5), late spring (n=4), summer (n=12), late summer (n=3), and fall (n=10). Responses between seasons are significantly different (p = 0.04), and total heterogeneity (Q T ) is not significant. Rosenthal’s fail safe number (67.8) indicates some reliability in consistency of responses.