1. Layers of the Earth

2. There are 3 main layers of the Earth.
They are different from each other in location, temperature, density , and composition.

4. What is temperature?
Temperature is a degree of hotness that can be measured using a thermometer.
Temperature is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
Each of the Earth’s layers have a different temperature range.
Temperatures increase with depth. Deeper layers have higher temperatures

5. Density
density (ρ) of a body is a measure of how tightly the matter within it is packed together.
The box on the left is more dense, because there is more matter in that box.

6. Each layer has it’s own density.
The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials;
they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure
than the outer layers.

7. Each layer is made up of different ingredients
Earth’s interior consists of three major layers; the crust, the mantle, and the core.
Each layer is defined by its chemical composition or the elements in each layer.
Each layer is made up of different ingredients

8. The Layers of the Earth are the Crust, Mantle and the Core.

9. Layers of the Earth Chart More dense than the crust
Location
Description
Temperature
Density
Composition
Parts of Layer
Crust
The top Layer
The least dense layer
Continental Crust:
(part that we walk on)
Made of granite
Less dense
Oceanic Crust:
(under water)
Made of basalt
More dense
Mantle
The middle Layer
More dense than the crust
Upper Mantle:
Mixture of solid and molten rock
Lithosphere (tectonic Plates)
Lower Mantle:
Mostly molten rock
Asthenosphere ( how tectonic plates move)
Core
The inside layer
The most dense layer
Outer Core:
liquid iron and nickel
Where scientists think the Earth’s magnetic field comes from
Inner Core:
Solid iron

10. Pressure The amount of force that presses on an area
Force= a push or pull on an object resulting from its interaction with another object

11. The Crust

12. The Crust
The crust is typically about 32 kilometers thick beneath continents, and about 8 kilometers thick beneath oceans.

13. The thin, outermost layer of the Earth is called the crust
The thin, outermost layer of the Earth is called the crust. It makes up only one percent of the Earth's mass.

14. There are two types of crust:
Continental and Oceanic
Continental Crust is what we walk on.
Oceanic Crust is under the water.

15. The temperature on the Earth’s crust averages
from 20 degrees Celsius near the top of the crust
to 870 degrees Celsius at the bottom of the crust.
Temperatures increase the deeper you go.

16. The crust is relatively light and brittle
The crust is relatively light and brittle. Most earthquakes occur within the crust. The crust is the least dense layer and it floats on top of the mantle
Density of the crust ranges from g/cubic cm

17. Elements in the Earth’s Crust
The Earth's thin, rocky crust is composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium and some iron and magnesium
Silicon + Oxygen = silicates

18. FE or Iron and Mg or Magnesium
Fe or Iron and Mg or Magnesium is heavier than Si or Silicon and Al or aluminum
Silicon
Aluminum

20. Continental crust is thicker and less dense.
It is made up of mostly granite
Rich in Si, Al Poor in Fe, Mg
Rich in Si (Silicon), Al (Aluminum) Poor in Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium)

22. Granite
Light colored (igneous intrusive) rock that makes up the continental crust. (less dense than the oceanic crust
Igneous (FIRE) Formed from magma or lava
Magma (inside the Earth) Intrusive
Lava (outside the Earth) Extrusive

23. Rich in Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium) Poor in Si (Silicon), Al (Aluminum)
Oceanic Crust is thinner but more dense.
It is made up of Basalt.
Rich in Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium) Poor in Si (Silicon), Al (Aluminum)

24. Layer
Location
Description
Temperature
Density
Composition
Parts of Layer
Crust
The top Layer
32 km thick beneath continents
8 km thick beneath oceans
Thin brittle layer makes up about 1% of Earth’s mass
Average degrees Celsius
The least dense layer
g/cm
Silicon, oxygen aluminum, calcium, sodium potassium
Some Magnesium and iron
Continental Crust:
(part that we walk on)
Made of granite
Less dense
Oceanic Crust:
(under water)
Made of basalt
More dense

25. Basalt
Dark dense rock (igneous/volcanic) that makes up the oceanic crust

26. The Mantle

27. The mantle is the layer below the crust and extends all the way to the core. It makes up almost two thirds of the earth's mass and is about 2900 km thick.

28. The mantle comprises 80% of the Earth's total volume.
The mantle is relatively flexible so it flows instead of fracturing

29. Temperature Ranges for the Mantle
870 degrees Celsius in the Upper Mantle
2700 degrees Celsius in the Lower Mantel
Temperatures increase the deeper you go.

31. Density of the mantle ranges from 3.4-5.6 g/cm
The Mantle is more dense than the crust but less dense than the core.

32. Mantle is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium
The mantle has more iron than the crust.

33. These materials are semi liquid like jell-o.
This is where lava and magma comes from

34. Plasticity
Ability of a solid to flow or change shape

35. Located below the crust 2900km thick Flexible, semi liquid (flows )
Layer
Location
Description
Temperature
Density
Composition
Parts of Layer
Mantle
The middle Layer
Located below the crust
2900km thick
Flexible, semi liquid (flows )
Makes up 80% of Earth’s mass
This is where magma and lava come from
degrees Celsius
More dense than the crust
g/cm
Silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron aluminum and Calcium
(more iron than the crust)
Upper Mantle:
Mixture of solid and molten rock
Lithosphere (tectonic Plates)
Lower Mantle:
Mostly molten rock
Asthenosphere ( how tectonic plates move)

36. Convection Currents
Circular movement in the mantle (hot liquid rock rises and cool liquid rock falls)

37. Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core
Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.

38. The Core

39. Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core
Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.

40. The Outer Core is about 2,500 km thick.
The Inner Core in about 1,230 km from the Earth’s center

41. The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the outer layers.

42. The Core’s Temperature Ranges:
About 2,200 degrees Celsius at the Outer Core
About 5,000 degrees Celsius at the Inner Core

44. Density of the core ranges from 9.9 -13.1
Outer core
Inner core
The Earth’s Core is the most dense layer

45. Outer Core: liquid Nickel and Iron
Inner Core: Solid Iron

46. Outer Core is made up of liquid nickel and Iron
It is liquid because the pressure is lower.
Inner Core is a solid iron sphere. 
The reason that the iron is solid is that the pressure at the center of the earth is significantly higher than the pressure in the outer core.

48. Inner Core is 1,230 Km from Earth’s center
Layer
Location
Description
Temperature
Density
Composition
Parts of Layer
Core
The inside layer
Beneath the mantle
Outer Core is 2,550 km thick
Inner Core is 1,230 Km from Earth’s center
Composed of heavy materials under a great amount of pressure
Liquid Outer Core
Solid Inner Core
2,500- 5,000 degrees Celsius
The most dense layer
g/cm
Outer Core: liquid Nickel and Iron
Inner Core: Solid Iron
Outer Core:
liquid iron and nickel
Where scientists think the Earth’s magnetic field comes from
Inner Core:
Solid iron