1. New FOCUS or OBSERVATION Critical Thinking Cyclic Model: QUESTION or HYPOTHESIS CONTENT ANYALYSIS and DELIBERATION scrutinize data using most rigorous and critical procedures available scrutinize data using most rigorous and critical procedures available DECISION or DESCRIPTION of “BEST” SOLUTION use public and self knowledge use public and self knowledge FOCUS or OBSERVATION VALUE

2. New FOCUS or OBSERVATION Critical Thinking Cyclic Model: QUESTION or HYPOTHESIS CONTENT ANYALYSIS and DELIBERATION scrutinize data using most rigorous and critical procedures available DECISION or DESCRIPTION of “BEST” SOLUTION use public and self knowledge FOCUS or OBSERVATION VALUE

3. Observation and Description Designing a Scientific Study Formulate Descriptive Hypothesis (Null and Alternative) Sampling and Data Collection Statistical Test of Hypothesis Descriptive Stage: Accept H o Reject H o Functional Stage: Postulate Cause or Significance of Demonstrated Difference Formulate Functional Hypothesis (Null and Alternative) Accept H o Reject H o Interpret Relationships Data Collection/Controlled Experiments or Observations Statistical Test of Hypothesis New Predictions