1. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 SOCIOLOGY The Family and Intimate Relationships 12

2. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 14. The Family and Intimate Relationships The Family: A Global View Social Institutions: Family and ReligionSocial Institutions: Family Studying the Family Marriage and Family Divorce Diverse Lifestyles Social Policy and The Family

3. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Family: A Global View Composition: What Is the Family? –Family: set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption who share primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society

4. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 The Family: A Global View Composition: What Is the Family? –Nuclear Family: nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built –Extended Family: family in which relatives live in same home as parents and their children –Monogamy: form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other Serial Monogamy: when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time

5. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 The Family: A Global View Composition: What Is the Family? –Polygamy: when an individual has several husbands or wives simultaneously –Polygyny: marriage of a man to more than one woman at a time –Polyandry: marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time

6. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 The Family: A Global View Figure 14-1. U.S. Households by Family Type, 1940—2003 Source: Fields 2004; see also McFalls, Jr. 2003:23

7. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 The Family: A Global View Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related? –Kinship: state of being related to others Bilateral Descent: both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important Patrilineal descent: only the father’s relatives are important Matrilineal descent: only the mother’s relatives are significant

8. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 The Family: A Global View Authority Patterns: Who Rules? –Patriarchy: males are expected to dominate in all family decision making –Matriarchy: women have greater authority than men –Egalitarian family: family in which spouses are regarded as equals

9. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Social Institutions: Family and Religion Social Institution –Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on general basic needs Functionalist View –Family serves six functions for society: 1.Protection 2.Socialization 3.Reproduction 4.Regulation of sexual behavior 5.Affection and companionship 6.Provision of social status

10. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Studying the Family Conflict View –Family reflects inequality in wealth and power found within society –In wide range of societies, husbands exercised power and authority within the family –View family as economic unit contributing to social injustice

11. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Studying the Family Interactionist View –Focuses on micro level of family and other intimate relationships –Interested in how individuals interact with each other whether they are cohabiting partners or longtime married couples

12. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Studying the Family Feminist View –Urged social scientists and social agencies to rethink notion that families in which no adult male is present are automatically a cause for concern –Feminists stress the need to investigate neglected topics in family studies

13. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Studying the Family Table 14-1. Sociological Perspectives on the Family

14. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Marriage and Family Courtship and Mate Selection –Aspects of Mate Selection Endogamy: Endogamy specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found and prohibits marriage with members of other groups. Exogamy: Exogamy requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one’s own family or certain kin.

15. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Marriage and Family Courtship and Mate Selection –Aspects of Mate Selection Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one’s own –The Love Relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal Incest Taboo: social norm common to virtually all societies prohibiting sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relationships

16. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Marriage and Family Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships –Social Class Differences The upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position; lower class families likely to have one parent at home, and children typically assume adult responsibilities –Racial and Ethnic Differences Subordinate status of racial and ethnic groups profoundly affects family life

17. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Marriage and Family Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life –Parenthood and Grandparenthood One of most important roles of parents is socialization of children Recently, U.S. witnessed extension of parenthood with adult children living at home –“Boomerang generation” or “full-nest syndrome”

18. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Marriage and Family Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life –Adoption Process that “allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents –Dual-Income Families Among married people between the ages of 25 and 34, 92% of men and 75% of women in the labor force

19. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Marriage and Family Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life –Single-Parent Families In 2000, a single parent headed: –21% of White families with children –35% of Hispanic families with children –55% of African American families with children –Stepfamilies Rising rate of divorce and remarriage led to significant increase in stepfamily relationships Stepfamilies are exceedingly complex

20. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Marriage and Family Figure 14-2. Percentage of People Aged 20 to 24 Ever Married, Selected Countries Source: United Nations Population Division 2005

21. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Divorce Statistical Trends in Divorce –Divorce rates increased in late 1960s, started to level and decline since late 1980s –About 63% of all divorces in U.S. remarry

22. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Divorce Factors Associated with Divorce Impact of Divorce on Children –About a third of children benefit from divorce because it lessens exposure to conflict Greater social acceptance of divorce More liberal divorce laws Fewer children Greater family income More opportunities for women

23. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Divorce Figure 14-3. Rise of Single-Parent Families in the United States, 1970-2000 Source: Bureau of the Census 1994:63; Fields 2001:7

24. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Divorce Figure 14-4. Trends in Marriage and Divorce in the United States, 1920—2004 Source: Bureau of the Census 1995:64; National Vital Statistics Reports 2005

25. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Diverse Lifestyles Cohabitation Remaining Single Marriage without Children Lesbian and Gay Relationships

26. McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Diverse Lifestyles Figure 14-5. Unmarried-Couple Households by State Source: T. Simmons and O’Connell 2003:4