1. Transcription and Translation
DNA and RNA
Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation

2. Comparing Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
Double strand
Thymine
Deoxyribose Sugar
In eukaryotes, inside nucleus
Single strand
Uracil
Ribose Sugar
Can travel in and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores

3. Three types of RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA Messenger RNA
Created based on a gene on DNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Reads mRNA and assembles materials needed to build proteins
tRNA
Transfer RNA
“Taxi”
Bring materials (amino acids) to the ribosome

4. Review:Chapter 12 When the cell is ready to divide!
What is DNA replication?
Copying the DNA in a cell!
When would a cell need to replicate its DNA?
When the cell is ready to divide!
could be for growth, or to repair injury

5. Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation
What are proteins?
Proteins are a large molecule important to living things
They are made of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
They are built from building blocks called “amino acids”
How does a cell know how to build proteins?
DNA carries all the instructions for a cell
Proteins are an organic compound. Proteins contain Nitrogen, which is different from lipids and carbohydrates (which are just carbon and hydrogen). Proteins are built out of amino acids, and in various combinations can produce thousands of different compounds.
Proteins can be acidic, basic, some are not charged. This makes them attract or repel in different ways. The interactions of various amino acids gives proteins multiple different functions. Some are structural components, some are enzymes that change the rates of reactions, regulation, chemical reactions, hormones, etc.
Instructions are found on DNA, in the nucleus of cells.
DNA holds information in the sequence of nucleotides.
DNA is found in the nucleus.
Proteins are built in the ribosomes.
The problem is: how do we get DNA information to the ribosomes, while maintaining the security of the DNA?

6. Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation
What jobs do proteins have?
proteins have many critical roles in living things
Antibodies: fight off foreign particles (like virus/bacteria)
Enzymes: run chemical reactions in cells
Hormones: messenger proteins that travel
Protein Synthesis is a 2-stage process
Proteins are an organic compound. Proteins contain Nitrogen, which is different from lipids and carbohydrates (which are just carbon and hydrogen). Proteins are built out of amino acids, and in various combinations can produce thousands of different compounds.
Proteins can be acidic, basic, some are not charged. This makes them attract or repel in different ways. The interactions of various amino acids gives proteins multiple different functions. Some are structural components, some are enzymes that change the rates of reactions, regulation, chemical reactions, hormones, etc.
Instructions are found on DNA, in the nucleus of cells.
DNA holds information in the sequence of nucleotides.
DNA is found in the nucleus.
Proteins are built in the ribosomes.
The problem is: how do we get DNA information to the ribosomes, while maintaining the security of the DNA?
Transcription: make mRNA from DNA gene
Translation: read mRNA and build protein

7. Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis
How does DNA hold information?
Information is found in the order of nitrgoen bases in DNA (the order of A,C,T, and G’s)
Where is DNA located?
Nucleus of a cell (eukaryotes)
In which organelle do cells build proteins?
Ribosomes
Proteins are an organic compound. Proteins contain Nitrogen, which is different from lipids and carbohydrates (which are just carbon and hydrogen). Proteins are built out of amino acids, and in various combinations can produce thousands of different compounds.
Proteins can be acidic, basic, some are not charged. This makes them attract or repel in different ways. The interactions of various amino acids gives proteins multiple different functions. Some are structural components, some are enzymes that change the rates of reactions, regulation, chemical reactions, hormones, etc.
Instructions are found on DNA, in the nucleus of cells.
DNA holds information in the sequence of nucleotides.
DNA is found in the nucleus.
Proteins are built in the ribosomes.
The problem is: how do we get DNA information to the ribosomes, while maintaining the security of the DNA?

8. Genes Genes What is a GENE?
A gene is a segment of DNA that gives instructions to build ONE specific protein.
If DNA is a cookbook, each recipe is a gene.
Every cell in your body has the whole cookbook, but only uses some recipes.
A segment of DNA that controls the production of one specific protein.

9. Genes Exon: part of DNA sequence expressed
Intron: long noncoding sequences

10. Transcription and Translation
Step 1:Transcription
Enzymes make an mRNA copy of a portion of DNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Why can mRNA leave the nucleus, but not DNA?
Size of the mRNA is small enough to escape the nuclear pores

11. Step2:TRANSLATION Ribosomes! Made of r-RNA!
Where does mRNA go after transcription?
mRNA is read and the tRNA bring amino acids in order to it build proteins!
Ribosomes! Made of r-RNA!

12. Transcription Helicase enzyme unzips the DNA
RNA polymerase reads the selected gene and adds the appropriate RNA nucleotides
RNA processing: the introns are cut out
The mRNA strand breaks away and DNA rejoins.
mRNA can now leave the nucleus and head to the ribosome
Does it matter which strand the RNA polymerase copies from? ( difficult question, because the other side is the revearse (5-3 or 3-5) so the same letters are there. ALSO, the window is three bases, so your frame can shift)

13. Transcription - By using a codon of three letters for each
There are only ___ nitrogen bases in the “language” of DNA.
There are ___ different amino acids that can be used to build a protein.
How can 4 bases form a code for all 20 amino acids?
- By using a codon of three letters for each

14. TranSCRIPTion Read in groups of three letters: CODON (DNA gene) (mRNA)
AAA GTG GCC ACT
UUU
CAC
CGG
UGA

15. Translation Read in groups of three: ANTI-CODONS (mRNA) (tRNA)
t-RNA is the taxi that brings the amino acids to the Ribosome
UUU CAC CGG UGA
AAA
GUG
GCC
ACU

16. UUU CAC CGG UGA
mRNA:
PHE
HIST
ARG
stop
Amino acids

18. Ribosome and tRNA

19. Review Summarize the steps of Protein Synthesis.
Describe the three types of RNA.
Relate chromosome, gene, sister chromatids and DNA.
Cells replicate DNA so that after cell division (mitosis) each daughter cell has a complete set of instructions, and is identical to the parent cell.
DNA is the nucleic acid that carries the instructions for cells to build proteins. It is the blueprint of life.
First, a DNA molecule must be unwound. Helicase enzyme will unwind and then break the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.