1. Frost Heaving

2. Plant Roots (Root Pry)

3. Talus

4. Water

5. Burrowing of Animals

6. Chemical Weathering The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. New substances can be formed. Agents/Types of Chemical Weathering – Carbonic Acid-in rainwater. Forms caves/karst. – Oxidation (rust) – Living organisms (lichens/mosses) – Humic Acid-from decaying organic matter.

7. 7 Carbonic Acid in water weathers mainly limestone and dolomite by dissolving these rock types.

8. Carbon Dioxide CO 2 dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acid Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone, dolomite, and marble

9. Effect of Acid Rain on Marble Statues

10. Oxygen Iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water in a processes called oxidation The product of oxidation is rust

11. Living Organisms Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak acids that chemically weather rock

12. As the particles get smaller, the total surface area available for chemical weathering increases.

13. Soil: A product of weathering. Soil Composition - Soil has four major components: 1. Mineral matter, or broken-down rock 2. Organic matter or humus, which is the decayed remains of organisms 3. Water 4. Air. Soil Texture = refers to the proportions of different particle sizes. (Loam, Sand, Silt, Clay).

14. Soil Forms in Layers called a Soil Profile

17. What affects Soil Formation? 1. Time! More time means a thicker, more developed soil with clear horizons. 2. Climate! Probably has the larges affect on soil formation. Soil forms most quickly in humid, warm, wet climates. 3. Organisms. An abundance or lack of organisms can affect the physical and chemical nature of a soil.

18. Special Types of Soils Loess: Wind blown, angular silt that is usually the product of glaciers or wind blown volcanic ash. Caliche: Soil primarily made of carbonate (limestone) found in arid areas. Peat: Accumulation of partially decayed organic matter. Found in swamps/bogs Paleosol: A fossil soil.