1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 11: Flappers, Depression, and the Global War Study Presentation ©2005 Clairmont Press

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The Roaring Twenties The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties Section 2: The Great Depression The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Section 3: The New Deal The New DealThe New Deal Section 4: World War II World War IIWorld War II ©2005 Clairmont Press

3. Section 1: The Roaring Twenties ESSENTIAL QUESTION : –What made the 1920s ‘roaring’?

4. Section 1: The Roaring Twenties What words do I need to know? –jazz –the blues –boll weevil –Great Migration

5. The Roaring 20’s The new concept of “credit” People were buying: –Automobiles –Appliances –Clothes Fun times reigned –Dancing –Flappers –Drinking

6. The New Woman 1920 – 19 th Amendment gave women the right to vote More women in the workforce Flappers: name given to women who took on the new fashion – known for short hair, make- up, dancing, drinkingFlappers First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate

7. Music Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal) Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke EllingtonJazz Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith The Charleston was the popular dance

8. Crime Prohibition: laws made sale and distribution of alcohol illegal Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”Al Capone

9. Life in the Roaring Twenties Life in US after World War I was good More modern conveniences freed women from household chores Electricity became more available Other inventions included gas stoves, toasters, sliced bread, baby foodinventions Radio: WSB started in Atlanta 1927: first talking motion picture Walt Disney creates Mickey MouseMickey Mouse

10. Summary of the Roaring Twenties Time of much prosperity New inventions, household appliances, electricity etc Cars became mass produced, Lindernbergh solo flight. Time of excessive credit Prohibition or the 18 th amendment causes gangsta’s paradise 19 th Amendment gives woman voting rights Woman in the workplace

11. A Special Day 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first person to fly nonstop from New York to ParisCharles Lindbergh 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone No navigation or weather instruments Won $25,000 prize “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane Click to return to Table of Contents.

12. The Klan Strengthens Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants Number of members increased in every state 1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members Declining membership by the end of the decade as members were linked to racial terrorism

13. Farming Problems in the South 1. Boll Weevil Small insect long snout eats cotton plants. Arrived in Georgia in 1920’s from Mexico via Texas. Killed the cotton crop created rural depression.

14. 2.The Fire Ants Four species of fire ants are currently found within the contiguous southeastern United States. The tropical fire ant and the southern fire ant are considered species "native" to the area.

15. 3. Rocky Mountain Locusts Largest recorded locust swarm in history 1874 198,000 square miles –Larger than the state of California 200 million dollars in crop damage

16. 4. Miracle of the Gulls 1848 Mormon crickets threatened to wipe out all the crops for the newly settled Salt Lake area Katydids, a grasshopper type of insect, are common in the western US but the size of this particular swarm was larger than usual Luckily the settlers were rescued by a flock of seagulls.

17. 5. Army Worms Larval moths Eat leafy vegetation Bore holes through the center of cabbage and lettuce heads, and render whole head useless Army cutworms (lower) generally eat cereal grains

18. The Destruction of King Cotton Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop. Ate the cotton buds.Boll weevil Price of cotton also dropped world wide 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed Farms closed forcing banks and farm- related business to close

20. A drought in the South lead to dust storms that destroyed crops. “The Dust Bowl”

21. The South Was Buried Crops turned to dust=No food to be sent out Homes buried Fields blown away South in state of emergency Dust Bowl the #1 weather crisis of the 20th century

23. A Farm Foreclosure

24. African American Response to the Economic Decline in the South The Great Migration 1 I'm tired of being Jim Crowed, gonna leave this Jim Crow town, Doggone my black soul, I'm sweet Chicago bound, Yes, Sir, I'm leavin' here, from this ole Jim Crow town. I'm going up North, where they think money grows on trees, I don't give a doggone, if ma black soul should freeze

25. Push and Pull Factors PUSH FACTORS Jim Crow laws Decline of farming –drought and Boll weevil WW1 –jobs in the north WWII more jobs in the north

26. Pull Factors PULL FACTORS Jobs-recruiting by northern states Letters from earlier migrants about making money Freedom Education for children

27. Life in the North- Negatives 1.Competition for work- White vs Black 2.Labor unrest- union vs non union workers 3.292 race riots 4.house shortage and the creation of ghettos Life in the North- Positives 1.Rise of the Black middle class 2.Rise of Black political power- Oscar De priest first congressman 3.Rise of Black service groups NAACP 4.Rise of Black nationalism –Marcus Garvey 5.Black teachers tripled. Literacy rate from 35% to 85 % 6.Black owned business tripled

28. Impact of the Great Migration CityNumberPercent Increase Chicago109, 458148.2 Cincinnati30,07953.2 Cleveland34,451307.8 Detroit40,838611.3 Indianapolis34,67859.0 Kansas City45,12437.4 New York152,46766.3 Philadelphia134,22958.9 Pittsburgh37,72547.2 St. Louis69,85458.9 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Scott Nearing, Black America. New

29. Section 2: The Great Depression ESSENTIAL QUESTION –How did the Great Depression affect Georgians?

30. Section 2: The Great Depression What words do I need to know? –stock market –Great Depression –laissez-faire –relief

31. The Bottom Drops Out Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth Total losses by end of year: $40 billion Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share Some stocks worth less than 1¢

32. 1929-1939 Stock market crash Didn’t realize the effect it would have No money to replenish what was borrowed Many found being broke humiliating.

33. Why was this bad? Credit system –People didn’t really have the money they were spending WWI –The U.S. was a major credit loaner to other nations in need –Many of these nations could not pay us back

34. The Stock Market People bought stocks on margins –If a stock is $100 you can pay $10 now and the rest later when the stock rose Stocks fall –Now the person has less than $100 and no money to pay back

35. And then…. With people panicking about their money investors tried to sell their stocks –This leads to a huge decline in stocks –Stocks were worthless now People who bought on “margins” now could not pay Investors were average people that were now broke

36. Stock Market Crash-beginning of the end Stocks were bought on marginal rates meaning that if you bought a $10 000stock you need only pay $1000 the rest was credit you owed the broker. When the stock increased in value it will be sold and the money was returned with a profit But if the stock decreased in value you still had to pay the money owed and that is where people got into trouble. Banks took depositors money and invested in the Market and on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 the market collapsed the banks lost all their money and was forced to close down unable to pay their depositors. This was the start of the Great Depression.

37. Causes of the Depression Many people had borrowed too much money Factories produced more goods than they could sell As people and businesses had problems making money, banks did not get paid for loans “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

38. Herbert Hoover was president at the start Philosophy: We’ll make it! What He Did: Nothing Great Depression was a temporary struggle, ask for charity and voluntarism ’chicken in every pot ”

39. President Herbert Hoover – Supported Laissez Faire government- no government involvement in direct aid to the people Hoover’s Three Biggest Mistakes-Poor political decisions such as Signing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff- lead to a tariff war with Europe – 70% drop in US exports Revenue Act of 1932-increase taxes for the rich and companies made less profits fired workers Balancing the budget- Cut spending (ex. veteran’s benefits) Loans to banks and big business to help out the economy –failed trickle down economics

41. Many waited in unemployment lines hoping for a job.

42. People in cities would wait in line for bread to bring to their family.

43. Some families were forced to relocate because they had no money.

44. “Hooverville” Some families were forced to live in shanty towns –A grouping of shacks and tents in vacant lots They were referred to as “Hooverville” because of President Hoover’s lack of help during the depression.

46. Living Through the Depression 1932: 13 million unemployed 9,000 banks closed 31 Georgia banks failed Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks where homeless people gatheredHoovervilles Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed hungry Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules Georgians were already suffering from economic problems before Black TuesdayGeorgians

47. Easing the Burden President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government Plan did not employ enough people to really help Click to return to Table of Contents.

48. Two Families During the Depression

49. Some families tried to make money by selling useful crafts like baskets.

50. Section 3: The New Deal ESSENTIAL QUESTION –How did Georgians benefit from the New Deal?

51. Section 3: The New Deal What words do I need to know? –New Deal –minimum wage –stretch out –collective bargaining –rural electrification –subsidy –integrate

52. Section 3: The New Deal What people do I need to know? –Franklin D. Roosevelt –Richard B. Russell –Ellis Arnall –Eugene Talmadge

53. People everywhere were effected by the depression It wasn’t till President Roosevelt took over and tried to put the economy back together that people even saw a glimmer of hope

54. *FDR* When he was inaugurated unemployment had increased by 7 million. Poor sections (like Harlem) had 50% of the pop. unemployed Instated the “New Deal” Yea! Frankie!

55. The New Deal 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression –Examined banks for soundness –Give jobs to unemployed workers –Tried to improve American’s lives Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

56. Georgia and the New Deal NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set minimum wage Textile mill owners did not like the minimum wage Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc. REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas

57. African Americans During the New Deal Did not benefit from many New Deal programs WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt: –Mary McLeod Bethune –Clark Foreman –Robert Weaver –William Hastie

58. Georgia’s New Deal Governors Richard B. Russell –Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business –Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years Eugene Talmadge –Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia Eurith “Ed” Rivers –Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia –Began programs for public housing –Term ended with corruption problems

59. Georgia’s New Deal Governors Talmadge re-elected in 1940 –Began to use some New Deal programs –Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges Ellis Arnall gave 18 year olds the right to vote –Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons –Removed poll tax –New state constitution Click to return to Table of Contents.

60. Section 4: World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION – How did World War II affect Georgians?

61. Section 4: World War II What words do I need to know? –isolationism –dictator –appeasement –World War II –Holocaust –ration –G.I. Bill

62. Increasing Tensions Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength CountryLeaderQuick Facts JapanEmporer Hirohito Attacked China seeking raw materials ItalyMussoliniAttacked Ethiopia and Albania GermanyAdolf HitlerNazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents Soviet Union Josef StalinBuilt up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

63. The War Begins 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)1938 Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland Great Britain and France declared war Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

64. A Neutral United States Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

65. Lend-Lease System The Lend-Lease Act was the system by which the U.S. gave away $50 billion in military aid in 1941-45 (during World War II) so that the Allies could better fight Germany and Japan.[1]. There was no repayment required.World War II[1] $31 billion went to Britain, $11 billion to the Soviet Union, $3 billion to France, and $1.6 billion to China.

66. Lend-Lease to Marshall Plan As a war measure, Lend-Lease was terminated by President Harry S. Truman in September 1945. Termination was hasty and unexpected and severely upset the Soviet Union and Britain; however the U.S. had also started up an entirely separate program of postwar relief and loans. Thus the U.S. loaned France $500 million in 1945 and Britain $3.75 billion at 2% interest, three years before the Marshall Plan aid started. Truman ignored Stalin's request for a $6 billion loan.

67. Georgia Loses a Friend President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned Vice President Harry Truman became president

68. “A Day that Will Live in Infamy” President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean The USA declared war on Japan Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

69. American Military Forces Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

70. The War in Europe 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

71. The War in the Pacific 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands Japan refused to surrender President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Over 50 million people died in the war

72. Georgia During World War II 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

73. The War’s Effects on Society Everyone was expected to help in the war effort Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life –Low cost loans for homes or business –College education opportunities Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war Click to return to Table of Contents.

74. The Holocaust The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

75. The Great Migration Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in northern factories Chicago and Detroit were popular destinations Many African Americans moved north for better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money

76. Click to return to Table of Contents.