1. Fig. 9-1, p. 183

2. Fig. 9-2, p. 185

3. Passenger pigeon Great aukDodoGolden toadAepyornis (Madagascar)

4. Fig. 9-3, p. 186

5. Number of species existing Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate 5 million5,000 extinct per year 14 million 14,000 extinct per year 50 million 50,000 extinct per year 100 million 100,000 extinct per year Number of years until one million species are extinct 200 0 50100150

6. Fig. 9-4, p. 187

7. Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler Knowlton cactus Florida manatee African elephant Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin Siberian tiger Giant panda Black-footed ferret Whooping crane Northern spotted owl Blue whale Mountain gorilla Florida panther California condor Hawksbill sea turtle Black rhinoceros

8. Fig. 9-5, p. 188

9. Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Rare African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther CharacteristicExamples

10. Fig. 9-5, p. 188 Stepped Art Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Narrow distribution Elephant seal, desert pupfish Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros CharacteristicExamples Rare African violet, some orchids Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite

11. Fig. 9-6, p. 189

12. Fishes 34% (51% of freshwater species) Amphibians 32% Mammals 25% Reptiles 20% Plants 14% Birds 12%

13. Fig. 9-7, p. 189

14. Fig. 9-8, p. 190

15. Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Anxiety, high blood pressure Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment

16. Fig. 9-9, p. 191

17. Fig. 9-10, p. 193

18. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Underlying Causes Population growth Rising resource use Undervaluing natural capital Poverty Direct Causes Habitat loss Pollution Commercial hunting and poaching Habitat degradation and fragmentation Climate change Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Introduction of nonnative species Overfishing Predator and pest control Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of Wild Species

19. Fig. 9-11, p. 194

20. Fig. 9-11a, p. 194

21. Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today

22. Fig. 9-11b, p. 194

23. Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today

24. Fig. 9-11c, p. 194

25. African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today

26. Fig. 9-11d, p. 194

27. Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today

28. Fig. 9-11, p. 194 Stepped Art Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today

29. Fig. 9-12, p. 195

30. Number of bird species 609 400 200 1

31. Fig. 9-13, p. 196

32. Cerulean warblerSprague’s pipitBichnell’s thrush Black-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Florida scrub jayCalifornia gnatcatcher Kirtland's warblerHenslow's sparrow Bachman's warbler

33. Fig. 9-14, p. 199

34. Fig. 9-14a, p. 199

35. Deliberately Introduced Species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinthJapanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig)

36. Fig. 9-14b, p. 199

37. Accidentally Introduced Species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long- horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

38. Fig. 9-14, p. 199 Stepped Art Deliberately introduced species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig) Accidentally introduced species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long- horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

39. Fig. 9-15, p. 200

40. Fig. 9-16, p. 200

41. Fig. 9-17, p. 201

42. Fig. 9-18, p. 201

43. Fig. 9-19, p. 202

44. DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, or 3 ppt

45. Fig. 9-19, p. 202 Stepped Art DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, or 3 ppt DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm

46. Fig. 9-20, p. 203

47. Fig. 9-21, p. 204

48. Fig. 9-A, p. 205

49. Fig. 9-22, p. 206

50. Fig. 9-23, p. 208

51. Fig. 9-24, p. 210