1. 9MHz LeRHIC Cavity Design Salvatore Polizzo RF Design Engineer May 16, 2014

2. Topic Outline  LeRHIC Program Summary  Review Conceptual Cavity Designs  Outline Current Cavity Design  Present EM Simulation Methods & Results

3. Low Energy RHIC Program Summary We are in search of the “critical point” where matter violently transitions back from a Quark-Gluon Plasma to a Hadron Gas. QCD phase diagram for nuclear matter.

4. Low Energy RHIC Program Summary We are in search of the “critical point” where matter violently transitions back from a Quark-Gluon Plasma to a Hadron Gas. QCD phase diagram for nuclear matter. A new low frequency RF system is required to reduce the space charge limitations that prohibit strong electron cooling.

5. Cavity Conceptual Design History  Dielectric Loaded Folded Cavity 4.5MHz cavity length = 2m Combines gap and cavity foreshortening functions High Q when compared to ferrite cavities (Wesgo AL-995 tan( δ ) = 3e-5) Air Vacuum

6. Cavity Conceptual Design History  Dielectric Loaded Folded Cavity Vp = 40kV (80kV Total) fo = 4.5MHz Qo ≈ 3000 Air Vacuum

7. Cavity Conceptual Design History  Dielectric Loaded Folded Cavity Vp = 40kV (80kV Total) fo = 4.5MHz ( L Increases 25% with 9MHz) Qo ≈ 3000 Want More Luminosity! Air Vacuum

8. Cavity Conceptual Design History  9 MHz Alumina Loaded Gap Cavity (Need 160kV Total) Vp = 53.4kV fo = 9MHz Qo ≈ 6000+ (Wesgo AL-995 tan( δ ) = 3e-5) Air Vacuum

9. Cavity Conceptual Design History Air Vacuum  9 MHz Alumina Loaded Gap Cavity (Need 160kV Total) Vp = 53.4kV fo = 9MHz (Difficult to fabricate) Qo ≈ 6000+ (Wesgo AL-995 tan( δ ) = 3e-5) Lacking The Warm Fuzzy!

10. Cap Gap Cavity RF Design Concept  fo = 9MHz  Qsim = 8400  Gap C = 350pF  R/Q = 50Ω Air Vacuum Air

11. Cap Gap Cavity RF Design Concept  fo = 9MHz  Qsim = 8400  Gap C = 350pF  R/Q = 50Ω  Drive Power ≈ 8kW  Vp = 80kV+ (160kV Total)  Irms(80kV) ≈ 1200A Air Vacuum Air

12. Cap Gap Cavity RF Design Concept  fo = 9MHz  Qsim = 8400  Gap C = 350pF  R/Q = 50Ω  Drive Power ≈ 8kW  Vp = 80kV+ (160kV Total)  Irms(80kV) ≈ 1200A  Length = 2m  Cavity Radius =.45m  Center Conductor Radius = 8cm  Beam Pipe Inner Radius = 5cm Air Vacuum Air

13. Final RF System Design Requirements (2018) Operation Frequency Band 1 (γ = 2.7 – 4.1) 8.72 - 9.1MHz (2017) Operation Frequency Band 2 (γ = 4.1 – 10.7) 9.1 - 9.34MHz Total Gap Voltage (min)160KV Allocated Transverse Length9m Stochastic Cooling Au Storage SC Dipole 3 Cavities

14. Current Cavity RF Model  fo = 8.7 – 9.4MHz  Qsim = 8400  Gap C = 360pF  R/Q = 50Ω  Drive Power ≈ 8kW  Vp* = 60kV+  Irms(60kV) ≈ 900A  Length = 2.5m  Cavity Radius =.45m  Center Conductor Radius = 8cm  Beam Pipe Inner Radius = 5cm The resulting capacitor gap assembly is the product of an ongoing collaboration between BNL and Comet Technologies * Additional RF conditioning will be required to reach 80kV

15. Gap Cap Features & Benefits  Monetary Savings Combines capacitive foreshortening and beam gap

16. Gap Cap Features & Benefits  Monetary Savings Combines capacitive foreshortening and beam gap  No vacuum required in the cavity body Eliminates Cavity Vacuum Seals Inherently reduces Multipactoring

17. Gap Cap Features & Benefits  Monetary Savings Combines capacitive foreshortening and beam gap  No vacuum required in the cavity body Eliminates Cavity Vacuum Seals Inherently reduces Multipactoring  Isolated gap and capacitor vacuum Loss of Ring Vacuum ≠ Capacitor Failure

18. Gap Cap Features & Benefits  Monetary Savings Combines capacitive foreshortening and beam gap  No vacuum required in the cavity body Eliminates Cavity Vacuum Seals Inherently reduces Multipactoring  Isolated gap and capacitor vacuum Loss of Ring Vacuum ≠ Capacitor Failure  Highly Configurable The cavity frequency can be easily be changed by swapping the gap cap

19. Gap Cap Specification - - - - 80kV Operation ------- 60kV Operation

20. Frequency Domain Simulation E Field along beam line (.5W Input Power) ʃ Edz ≈ 600V ∴ Voltage Scale Factor ≈ 134 V/m m Vp = 80kV

21. Frequency Domain Simulation H Field around beam line (.5W Input Power) A/m ʃ Hd ϕ ≈ 9Arms Irms ≈ 1200A L ≈.54m

22. Frequency Domain Simulation 1.4M Tetrahedral Mesh Cells (Memory Intensive) * Defined 5 different local mesh groups Input Impedance Input Coupling Loop

23. Fundamental Mode Field Distribution E Field Peak Field Air ≈ 2.5MV/m Peak Field Vacuum Gap ≈ 3.4MV/m H Field Peak Field ≈ 3250A/m

24. Distribution of Power Dissipation 5kW 1.4kW 22W 350W 1.3kW 200W Power Dissipated ≈ 8.3kW 250W

25. Conclusion  Good progress has been made on Gap Cap design. Currently finalizing design  Future work Complete Cavity Mechanical Design Tuner Design (Complete band or bimodal?) Fundamental Mode Coupling Loop

26. Acknowledgments BNL – A. Zaltsman, J.M. Brennan, M. Blaskiewicz, I. Ben-Zvi, S. Verdu Andres, A. Fedotev, J. Woods, J. Fite, J. Brodowski, J. Tuozzolo, RF Group Comet – M. Bonner, T. Weber, W. Bigler, M. Abrecht, W. Brunhart, M. Mildner

27. Thank You!