1. 1 Example Outcome and Impact Level Indicators DAC Network on Development Evaluation 10 th Meeting – 11 February 2010

2. 2 Why are Outcome & Impact Indicators Needed? 1. Assist country offices to develop a set of indicators for the programming level (e.g. to guide development and monitoring of a Country Strategy Paper) 2. To fill, as much as possible, the 'missing middle' between implementation indicators and global impact indicators

3. 3 The Missing Middle (1) Outputs Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts

4. 4 Attention 1. This is a simplified tool, not a template. Intervention logic must be developed for each country based on its context and existing government strategies 2. Indictors are not fixed but provide ideas on how to set, monitor and evaluate Country Strategy objectives 3. Crosscutting issues should be mainstreamed into relevant indicators (e.g. disaggregation of data by gender) 4. Outcomes/Impact are not fully attributable to development interventions Outputs are 100% attributable but attribution falls as you move up the chain of results

5. 5 Roads

6. 6 Common Indicator of Success

7. 7 Examples - Real Indicators of Success Time Cost Education Environment Health Trade Jobs/Profits

8. 8 Intervention Logic Institutional Reform Social Environment Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Economic Improved Institutional Management of Road System Lower Road Transport Time Lower Road Transport Costs Increased Employment Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised Greater Accessibility to Social Services Greater Economic Accessibility Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Enhanced Human Capacity MDG 6 MDG 1 MDG 7

9. 9 Outcome Indicators Institutional Reform Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Economic Improved Institutional Management of Road System Lower Road Transport Time Lower Road Transport Costs Increased Employment 3. Implementation and enforcement of laws related to roads 1. Travel Times 2. Transportation costs 4. Employment resulting from construction and maintenance of roads Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators Environment Social

10. 10 Specific Impact Indicators Improved Institutional Management of Road System Lower Road Transport Time Lower Road Transport Costs Social Environment Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised Greater Accessibility to Social Services Greater Economic Accessibility Output Clusters Specific Impacts 10. Road deaths and injuries 11. Disease transmissions influenced by improved mobility 9. Environmental effects of road system 5. Access to roads 6. Use of public transportation 7. Business productivity 8. Access to social services Indicators Economic Institutional Reform Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Outcomes

11. 11 Intermediate Impact Indicators Increased Employment Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised Greater Accessibility to Social Services Greater Economic Accessibility Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Indicators Enhanced Human Capacity 14. Employment 15. Trade 16. School attendance 17. Health attendance Outputs Environment Social Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Institutional Reform Economic Lower Road Transport Time Lower Road Transport Costs Improved Institutional Management of Road System Outcomes

12. 12 The Missing Middle (2) Outputs Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts

13. 13 List of Key Indicators (with examples) Outcome Indicators 1.Travel times Public/Commercial transportation time 2. Transportation costs Cost of public transport fares; commercial operating costs 3. Implementation and enforcement of laws related to roads Number/type of prosecutions related to road offences; number/type of approved laws related to roads 4. Employment resulting from road construction and maintenance Number of people directly and indirectly employed in road construction and maintenance projects Specific Impact Indicators 5. Access to roads Population living within x kilometres of a road network 6. Use of public transportation Number of people using public transportation 7. Businesses productivity Market return for traded goods; transfer to higher-value goods 8. Access to social services Number of people who live within x time of a school, health centre, or local government office; number of visits by government officials to towns/villages 9. Environmental effects of road system Soil erosion directly related to roads; lead and carbon monoxide pollution; market share for unleaded petrol; number of vehicles meeting x environmental quality standard 10. Road deaths and injures Number of road deaths; number of road injuries 11. Disease transmissions influenced by improved mobility HIV/AIDS infection rate; TB infection rate Intermediate Impact Indicators 12. Employment Employment opportunities within x travel time; increase in employment within x area 13. Trade Volume of trade between y and z regions; value of trade between y and z regions 14. School attendance School enrolment rates; school completion rates 15. Health attendance Number of visits to health centres; number of supervised births; child immunisation rates

14. 14 Education

15. 15 Education Intervention Logic Institutional Management Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Education Facilities Health Better Allocation of Educational Resources Increased Affordability of Education Optimal Employment Skills and Learning Enhancement Equitable Access to Education Quality of Education Greater Income Opportunities Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impact Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Improved Participation in Society Improved Family Planning & Health Awareness MDG 3 MDG 2 MDG 1 MDG 2

16. 16 Outcome Indicators (1) Institutional Management Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Education Facilities Health Better Allocation of Educational Resources Increased Affordability of Education Optimal Employment Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators 1.Transparent decision making 2.Cost for household 13.Employment: school/university construction and maintenance 14.Employment: teachers and government workers

17. 17 Outcome Indicators (2) Institutional Management Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Education Facilities Health Better Allocation of Educational Resources Increased Affordability of Education Optimal Employment Equitable Access to Education Quality of Education Output Clusters Results (Outcomes) Indicators 3.Absenteeism & Drop Out 4.Teacher ratios/rates 5.Qualification of teachers 6.Teaching material ratios 7.Transition & Repetition 8.Equitable education participation 9.Enrolment rate 10.Completion rate 11.Distance to school/university 12.School and university places

18. 18 Specific Impact Indicators Institutional Management Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Education Facilities Health Better Allocation of Educational Resources Increased Affordability of Education Optimal Employment Skills and Learning Enhancement Equitable Access to Education Quality of Education Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impact Indicators 15.Literacy & Numeracy rates 16.Examination results 17.Social views

19. 19 Intermediate Impact Indicators Institutional Management Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Education Facilities Health Better Allocation of Educational Resources Increased Affordability of Education Optimal Employment Skills and Learning Enhancement Equitable Access to Education Quality of Education Greater Income Opportunities Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impact Intermediate Impacts Indicator Improved Participation in Society Improved Family Planning & Health Awareness 18.Employability

20. 20 List of Key Indicators (with examples) Affordability Outcome Indicators 1. Transparent decision making - Implementation of transparent mechanisms to allocate resources between sectors (e.g. using tools such as average cost ratios per student for different educational levels) 2. Cost for Household - Cost of education (i.e. fees, materials/equipment, lunches etc) as a % of household expenditure; cost per student as a % of income per capita Quality Outcome Indicators 3. Absenteeism and drop out - Teacher/student absenteeism rates; drop out rates 4. Teacher ratios/rates - Student teacher ratio; rate of double shifting 5. Qualification of teachers - Average qualification of teachers at each educational level 6. Teaching material ratios - Student textbook ratio 7. Transition and repetition - Progression rates; repetition rates Access Outcome Indicators 8. Equitable educational participation - Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education; ratio of other disadvantaged groups compared to x% of population 9. Enrolment rate - Gross and net enrolment rates 10. Completion rate - Gross and net enrolment rates Specific Impact Indicators 15. Literacy and numeracy rates - Literacy and numeracy rates by age, sex and social group 16. Examination results - Examination results for various educational levels and subject areas by age, sex & social group 17. Social views - Support for violent conflict; prejudiced views towards other social groups Intermediate Impact Indicators 18. Employability - % of school leavers/graduates gaining paid employment (split by type of employment) Optimal Employment Outcome Indicators 13. Employment: school/university construction and maintenance - Number of people directly and indirectly employed in school/university construction and maintenance 14. Employment: teachers and government workers - Number of people directly & indirectly employed as teachers and government workers linked to education sector 11. Distance to school/university - x% of students within x kilometre of a school 12. School and university places - Educational places as an x% of eligible students

21. 21 Health

22. 22 Health Intervention Logic Institutional Reform Regulation of Private Sector Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Infrastructure Education Increased Affordability of Health Care Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Improved Health Awareness Optimal Employment Reduction in Mortality Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Reduction in Morbidity & Disability Mitigation of External Risks Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Improved Health Behaviour Reduced Health Risks MDG 4 MDG 4 MDG 5 MDG 5 MDG 5 MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 7 MDG 8 Stronger Labour Markets MDG 1

23. 23 Result (Outcome) Indicators Institutional Reform Regulation of Private Sector Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Infrastructure Education Increased Affordability of Health Care Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Improved Health Awareness Optimal Employment Output Clusters Results (Outcomes) Indicators Mitigation of External Risks Essential Medicines & Equipment 1. Household expenditure (out-of-pocket) 2. Qualification of health care workers 3. Well equipped health facilities 4. Access to health facilities 5. Hospital beds 6. Availability to health care workers 7. Availability of drugs 8. Awareness of infant & maternal care 9. Awareness of HIV/AIDS 10. Awareness of water borne diseases 11. Employment in health sector

24. 24 Specific Impact Indicators Institutional Reform Regulation of Private Sector Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Infrastructure Education Increased Affordability of Health Care Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Improved Health Awareness Optimal Employment Output Clusters Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Indicators Mitigation of External Risks Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Improved Health Behaviour Reduced Health Risks 12. Antenatal care coverage 13. Births attended by skilled personal 14. Child immunisation 15. Family planning 16. Malaria treatment 17. TB detection & treatment 18. Antiretroviral therapy coverage 19. Diarrhoea treatment 20 Child vitamin supplementation 21. Contraceptive use 22. Malaria prevention 23. Hand washing 24. Road safety 25. Safe drinking water & basic sanitation 26. Food safety 27. Air pollution

25. 25 Intermediate Impact Indicators Institutional Reform Regulation of Private Sector Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Infrastructure Education Increased Affordability of Health Care Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Improved Health Awareness Optimal Employment Reduction in Mortality Output Clusters Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Indicators Reduction in Morbidity & Disability Mitigation of External Risks Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Improved Health Behaviour Reduced Health Risks 28. Life expectancy 29. Maternal mortality 30. Child mortality 31. Adult mortality 32. Spread of HIV/AIDS 33. Spread of malaria 34. Spread of TB 35. Disability levels Stronger Labour Markets

26. 26 List of Key Indicators (with examples) Affordability Outcome Indicators 1. Household expenditure (out-of-pocket) Service Availability & Quality Outcome Indicators 2. Qualification of health care workers 3. Well equipped health facilities 4. Access to health facilities 5. Hospital beds 6. Availability to health care workers 7. Availability of drugs Health Awareness Outcome Indicators 8. Awareness of infant and maternal care 9. Awareness of HIV/AIDS 10. Awareness of water borne diseases Employment Outcome Indicator 11. Employment in health sector Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Specific Impact Indicators 12. Antenatal care coverage 13. Births attended by skilled personal 14. Child immunisation 15. Family planning 16. Malaria treatment 17. TB detection and treatment 18. Antiretroviral therapy coverage 19. Diarrhoea treatment 20 Child vitamin supplementation Health Behaviour Specific Impact Indicators 21. Contraceptive use 22. Malaria prevention 23. Hand washing 24. Road safety Health Risks Specific Impact Indicators 25. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation 26. Food safety 27. Air pollution Mortality Intermediate Impact Indicators 28. Life expectancy 29. Maternal mortality 30. Child mortality 31. Adult mortality Morbidity & Disability Intermediate Impact Indicators 32. Spread of HIV/AIDS 33. Spread of malaria 34. Spread of TB 35. Disability levels

27. 27 Water & Sanitation

28. 28 Water & Sanitation Intervention Logic Environment Institutional Reform Education Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Improved Health Reduced vulnerability of Ecosystem to climatic events Poverty Reduction Sustainable National Water Supply Increased Access to Basic Sanitation Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Improved Quality of Water & Sanitation Reduced Rate of Water Related Diseases Improved Conservation & Preservation of Water Economic Growth Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Social Development Improved Water & Sanitation Health & Hygiene Behavior Increased Access to Water Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation Economic Increased Employment Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Public Health Intervention Logic Economic Intervention Logic Sustainable Eco-System Intervention Logic Water and Sanitation: Intervention Logic MDG 7 MDG 1 MDG 4 MDG 7

29. 29 Institutional Reform Education Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Improved Health Poverty Reduction Increased Access to Basic Sanitation Improved Quality of Water & Sanitation Reduced Rate of Water Related Diseases Social Development Improved Water & Sanitation Health & Hygiene Behavior Increased Access to Water Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Water and Sanitation: Public Health Intervention Logic Indicators Pollution of water and soil Treatment of waste water Equity in domestic water and sanitation allocation Household expenditure on water and sanitation Indicators Water and sanitation hygiene awareness Domestic access to safe water Access to basic sanitation Indicator Rate of water borne diseases

30. 30 Institutional Reform Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Poverty Reduction Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Economic Growth Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Social Development Increased Access to Water Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation Economic Increased Employment Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Water and Sanitation: Economic Intervention Logic Indicators Irrigation requirements Employment resulting from water and sanitation construction and maintenance Equity in allocation of water between sectors Cost of water for businesses Indicator Business access to water Indicator Efficiency of production

31. 31 Environment Institutional Reform Education Reduced vulnerability of Ecosystem to climatic events Poverty Reduction Sustainable National Water Supply Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Improved Conservation & Preservation of Water Economic Growth Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Water and Sanitation: Sustainable Eco-System Intervention Logic Indicators Availability of water Preservation of water Water leakages Recycling of water Indicator Sustainable extraction of water

32. 32 Specific Impact Indicators Public Health Water and sanitation hygiene awareness - Improved collection and storage of drinking water - Proportion of people hand washing - Use of hygienic sanitation facilities Domestic access to safe water (inc. time savings) - Households connected to water network for x months of year - Households within 1km of safe water for x months of year - Households who receive more than 20 litres of water per day Access to basic sanitation - Number of people with access to basic sanitation Economy Business access to water - x% of agricultural water needs meet for x months of the year - x% of industrial water needs meet for x months of the year Outcome Indicators Public Health Pollution of water and soil - Levels of chemicals, minerals, metals, pesticides etc in soil and water Treatment of waste water - Proportion of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste water that is treated before being discharged Equity in domestic water and sanitation allocation - Rate of connection to water/sanitation network for slums/shanty towns compared to national average - Level of rural poor connection to water/sanitation network compared to national average Household expenditure on water and sanitation - x% of household expenditure on water and sanitation by each income group in society Economy Irrigation requirements - Amount of water needed to produce xm² of x food Employment resulting from water and sanitation construction and maintenance -Number of people directly and indirectly employed in water and sanitation construction and maintenance projects Equity in allocation of water between sectors - Implementation of transparent public/private mechanisms to allocate water Cost of water for businesses - Water as a x% cost of agricultural value - Water as a x% cost of industrial value Sustainable Eco-System Availability of water -Change in water levels for lakes, rivers and water table Preservation of water - Area of protected wetlands, lakes and rivers Water leakages - % of water lost through water systems due to leakages Recycling of water - Amount of sanitation water that is recycled - Amount of water used in industry that is recycled Specific/ Intermediate Impact Indicators Economy Business productivity - x% change in food production/yield and processing costs - x% change in industrial production costs Intermediate Impact Indicators Public Health Rate of water borne diseases - Inflection rates for diseases such as diarrhoea, intestinal worms, parasitic infections etc. Sustainable Eco-System Sustainable extraction of water - Annual extraction of from surface and ground water, in relation to its minimum annual recharge (i.e. water balance sheet)

33. 33 Agriculture & Rural Development

34. 34 Agriculture & Rural Development Intervention Logic Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Higher Rural Income Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Improved Environmental Sustainability Improved Quality of Products Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Efficient Employment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Greater Food Security MDG 1 MDG’s 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 MDG 7 Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services MDG 1

35. 35 Agriculture Based Economies (1) Identified by: Agriculture provides basis for growth (i.e. contributes over 30% of GDP) 70% of poor live in rural areas Typical areas: Sub-Saharan Africa Regions within India & Mexico Intervention focus: Improve smallholder competitiveness Ensure livelihoods and food security

36. 36 Efficient Employment Agriculture Based Economies (2) Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Higher Rural Income Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Improved Environmental Sustainability Improved Quality of Products Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Greater Food Security Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

37. 37 Transforming Economies (1) Identified by: Agriculture no longer driver of growth (i.e. 7% of GDP) with rising urban-rural poverty gap 82% of poor live in rural areas Typical areas: South/East Asia (e.g. China, India) Middle East and North Africa (e.g. Morocco) Intervention focus: Comprehensive approach and multiple pathways out of poverty to reduce the urban-rural divide - shifting to high-value agriculture - decentralising non-farm economic activities to rural areas

38. 38 Efficient Employment Transforming Economies (2) Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Higher Rural Income Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Improved Environmental Sustainability Improved Quality of Products Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Greater Food Security Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

39. 39 Urban-Based Economies (1) Identified by: Small agriculture sector (i.e. less than 0.5% of GDP) with high urban poverty 45% of poor live in rural areas Typical areas: Latin America Central Asia Intervention focus: Link farmers to modern food markets Improve quality of agri-business and food industry Introduce market for environmental services

40. 40 Efficient Employment Urban-Based Economies (2) Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Higher Rural Income Economic Growth Social Development Poverty Reduction Output Clusters Outcomes Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Improved Environmental Sustainability Improved Quality of Products Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Greater Food Security Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

41. 41 Outcome Indicators (1) Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment 1.Support for consumers vulnerable to short-term food price changes 2.Support for farmers vulnerable to short-term food price changes 3.Access to road transportation 13.Preservation of natural resources 14.Sustainable management practices 15.Environmental services 4.Access to land 5.Access to water 6.Access to seeds and fertilisers 7.Access to improved breeds of animals/fish 10.Availability of credit 11.Investment in rural areas 12.Establishing a rural business Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services 8.Access to extension services 9.Access to information on market

42. 42 Efficient Employment Outcome Indicators (2) Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Output Clusters Outcomes Improved Quality of Products Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Indicators 16.Non-farm employment 17.Agriculture labour employment 18.Land productivity 19.Labour productivity 20.Capital productivity 21.Production 22.Type of production/diversification 23.International marketing standards Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

43. 43 Efficient Employment Specific Impact Indicators Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Output Clusters Outcomes Improved Quality of Products Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri- Labour Indicators 24.Agricultural prices 25.Growth in agricultural businesses 26.Growth in rural non-farm businesses 27.Affordability of food 28.Subsistence in food 29.Agricultural trade 30.Rural non-farm trade Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

44. 44 Efficient Employment Intermediate Impact Indicators Provision of Public Goods Better Management of Natural Resources Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Increased Productivity Increased Production Output Clusters Outcomes Improved Quality of Products Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Non-Farm Agri- Labour Indicators 33.Land sustainability 34.Sustainable extraction of water 35.Adapting to climate change 31.Rural Income 32.Undernourishment Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Increased Trade Higher Rural Income Greater Food Security Improved Environmental Sustainability Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Capital Information Services

45. 45 List of Key Indicators (with examples) Price Volatility Outcome Indicators 1. Consumer vulnerability to short-term price changes 2. Farmer vulnerability to short-term price changes Improved Access Outcome Indicators 3. Access to road transportation 4. Access to land 5. Access to water 6. Access to seeds and fertilisers 7. Access to improved breeds of animals/fish 8. Access to extension services 9. Access to information on markets 10. Availability of credit 11. Investment in rural areas 12. Establishing a rural business Natural Resource Outcome Indicators 13. Preservation of natural resources 14. Sustainable management practices 15. Environmental services Employment Outcome Indicators 16. Non-farm employment 17. Agricultural labour Productivity Outcome Indicators 18. Land productivity 19. Labour productivity 20. Capital productivity Production Outcome Indicators 21. Production 22. Type of production/diversification Quality Outcome Indicators 23. International marketing standards Profitability Specific Impact Indicators 24. Agricultural prices 25. Growth in agricultural businesses 26. Growth in rural non-farm businesses Affordability/Subsistence Specific Impact Indicators 27. Affordability of food 28. Subsistence in food Trade Specific Impact Indicators 29. Agricultural trade 30. Rural non-farm trade Rural Income Intermediate Impact Indicators 31. Rural income Food Security Intermediate Impact Indicators 32. Undernourishment Environment Sustainability Intermediate Impact Indicators 33. Land sustainability 34. Sustainable extraction of water 35. Adapting to climate change