1. The Calvin Cycle Also known as the dark reaction

2. Carbon Fixation by the Calvin Cycle From the light reaction, NADPH, ATP and oxygen was produced. Carbon fixation: C is bonded, or fixed, into an organic compound Calvin cycle has 3 major steps occurring in the stroma

3. Step One Carbon dioxide diffuses into the stroma from the surrounding cytosol An enzyme combines CO2 with RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule The 6 carbon molecules splits into two 3-C molecules called PGA

5. Step Two PGA is converted into another 3- C molecule called PGAL  Each PGA gains a phosphate from a molecule of ATP  This compound receives a proton (H+) from NADPH, then releases the phosphate group. The resulting NADP+, ADP and phosphate go back to the light reaction

7. Step Three Most of the PGAL is converted back to RuBP by using up a phosphate from ATP, making ADP So RuBP actually begins and ends the Calvin Cycle.

9. Where’d that other Carbon go Some PGAL and other molecules made in the Calvin cycle are used to make amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates include glucose, fructose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

11. How Many? PGAL is a 3-C molecule, and one turn of the Calvin cycle fixes one carbon, so it takes 3 turns of the cycle to make 1 PGAL. For 3 turns, 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH are used.

12. Equations CO 2 + H 2 O + light energy  (CH 2 O) + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

13. Fig. 6.17, p. 127 O 2 outCO 2 into leaf light-independent reactions in stroma of chloroplast light-dependent reactions at thylakoids of chloroplast light 6O 2 12H 2 O CALVIN- BENSON CYCLE C 6 H 12 O 6 (phosphorylated glucose) 6H 2 O NADPHNADP + ATP ADP + P i PGA PGAL RuBP P 6CO 2 end product (e.g. sucrose, starch, cellulose) LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

14. Rate of Photosynthesis Rate is affected by the environment As light increases, the rate increases then levels off. As temperature increases, the rate increases, hits a peak, then declines. As CO 2 levels increase, the rate increases then levels off

15. Conclusion and Dark Reaction Chart Location – Stroma, fluid in the chloroplast surrounding the Thylakoid membranes Function – produce carbohydrates, (glucose) Reactants – Carbon Dioxide, RuBP, ATP and NADPH+ Products – Glucose, ADP and NADP-