1. Information Infrastructure Governance

2. Information Infrastructures Examples: – Internet – Shared business sector infrastructures Supply chain National summary care records SWIFT – Portfolios of (thousands of) applications in large organizations Developed in collaboration between independent actors

3. Management What managers do Wikipedia: – Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources.objectivesplanning organizingstaffingleadingcontrollingorganizationResourcinghuman resourcesfinancialtechnologicalnatural resources

4. IT Management Project/system owner Project Management IT Processing Department Principles – Closed hierarchical organization – Decisions, control Tools: planning, milestones, checking progress,..

5. Governance What governments do. Others? Wikipedia: – Governance is the act of governing. It relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. It consists of either a separate process or part of management or leadership processes. These processes and systems are typically administered by a government.powerperformancemanagementleadershipgovernment – In the case of a business or of a non-profit organisation, governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision- rights for a given area of responsibility. For example, managing at a corporate level might involve evolving policies on privacy, on internal investment, and on the use of data.businessnon-profit organisationprivacy

6. IT Governance More systems, systems covering several areas Issues – principles, architecture, infrastructure strategies, business application needs, investment, prioritization Alternatives – Business monarchy, IT monarchy, feudal, federal, IT duopoly, anarchy

7. Regulation What parliaments do Wikipedia – Regulation is administrative legislation that constitutes or constrains rights and allocates responsibilities. It can be distinguished from primary legislation (by Parliament or elected legislative body) on the one hand and judge-made law on the other. [1] Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, self-regulation by an industry such as through a trade association, social regulation (e.g. norms), co-regulation, or market regulation. One can consider regulation as actions of conduct imposing sanctions, such as a fine, to the extent permitted by the law of the land. This action of administrative law, or implementing regulatory law, may be contrasted with statutory or case law. [1]legalgovernmentself-regulation trade associationsocial regulationnormssanctionsfineadministrative lawstatutorycase law – Regulation mandated by a state attempts to produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, produce or prevent outcomes in different places to what might otherwise occur, or produce or prevent outcomes in different timescales than would otherwise occur. In this way, regulations can be seen as implementation artifacts of policy statements. Common examples of regulation include controls on market entries, prices, wages, Development approvals, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods, the military forces and services. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analysed in regulatory economics.statepolicypriceswagesDevelopment approvalspollutionemploymentindustriesgoods serviceseconomicsmarkets regulatory economics

8. II Governance? = IT regulation? ”we reject kings, and tsars,..” Management: – projects, corporations (closed hierarchical organizations) Governance – Larger domains, less strict Regulation – Communities, law centered

9. Theories of regulation Julia Black: – From command and control to cultivation Larry Lessig: – Regulatory modalities Law Technology/architecture (”code is law”) Market (prices) Social norms

10. Governance Regime Organizing Decision rights Management tools – Communication tools – Project management tools – …. Legal issues

11. Trad projects Organizing: Hierarchical organization Architcture: Mirroring org. Law: – Software licenses – Contracts with suppliers – Employment contracts Social norms: organizational culture ISO standards are law!

12. II Governance Research II as Commons (Ostrom/Constantinides) Rights – Operational rights Access, contribution, extraction – Collective choice rights Removal, management, exclusion – Constitutional rights Alienation

13. Adaptive Co-Management Natural resources Learning and communication – not competition – Vertical and horizontal connections – Feed forward and backward Institutions

14. Network Governance Goal-directed – serendipitous – Goal directed: Brokered or shared governance Brokered: Externally or participant – Externally: » Mandated or voluntary 1.Shared Governance 2.Lead organization (voluntary) 3.Network-administrative organization – Mandated or voluntary

15. Governance Forms TrustNumber of participants Goal consensus Need for network level competences Shared governance High density FewHighLow Lead organization Low density, highly centralized Moderate number Moderately low Moderate Network administrative organization Moderate density, NAO monitored by members Moderate to many Moderately high High

16. Tensions Efficiency versus Inclusiveness Internal versus external legitimacy Flexibility versus stability

17. Evolution of network goveranance Growth of network Change in tasks Change in trust Change in network level competence Change in goal consensus …

18. Ex.: Wikipedia. Shared Gov. Parallel dev of II (content) and governance regime Enabling, evolving, embedded and distributed “ignore all rules” New rights and roles among contributors Meta-text in separate space Reverting Featured Article Review procedure and Director Bots for quality control (machine learning) and bot policy Flagged revision

19. Ex.: Wikipedia Phases: early beginnings, exponential growth, maturity Collective governance capability Cultivation of regulation Rights to: access, do, decide Internet, writing and version control Generic routines embedded in the technological platforms

20. EUs directiv for public procurement??