1. Pre World War I Unresolved Tensions
"Coffin Nails" was a term used by British soldiers to describe cigarettes.

2. I. Competition for Africa
North Africa
Fashoda Affair
Moroccan Crisis
1905 Algeciras
1911 French Protectorate
Fashoda was also bound up in the Egyptian Question – a long running dispute between Britain and France over the legality of the British occupation of Egypt. Since 1882 many French politicians, particularly those of the parti colonial, had come to regret France’s decision not to join with Britain in occupying the country. They hoped to force Britain to leave, and thought that a colonial outpost on the Upper Nile could serve as a base for French gunboats. These in turn were expected to make the British abandon Egypt. Another proposed scheme involved a massive dam, cutting off the Nile’s water supply and forcing the British out. These ideas were highly impractical, but they succeeded in frightening many British officials, who sought to protect Egypt by securing the Nile.
Boer War

3. II. Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Russification
Pan Slavism
Balkan Crisis-Serbia and collapse of the Ottoman Empire

4. Balkans Ottomans, Russia & Austria
Crimean War
Russo-Turkish War
Bosnian Crisis 1908
Balkan crisis
Turkish nationalism-Young Turks - Committee for Union and Progress

5. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Significant individuals
The Causes of WWI
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Significant individuals

6. Militarism Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.
The British feared an attack on their Empire

7. Militarism
Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies
Germany 1.3m m
France 0.73m 4.0m
Russia 0.40m 1.2m

8. Alliances
By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

9. Alliances Triple Entente – UK, France & Russia
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungry & Italy
Triple Entente – UK, France, Russia
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungry, Italy

10. Imperialism
All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

11. Nationalism
This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.
Serbia’s national flag

12. Significant Individuals
“Germany must have its place in the sun”
“The world belongs to the strong.”
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Built up German army and navy
Aggressive foreign policy
Determined to make Germany a top nation.
Distrusted by other powers

13. Significant Individuals
Count Berchtold
Austrian Prime Minister.
During the July Crisis, decided on a very tough ultimatum for Serbia

14. Significant Individuals
Bethmann Hollweg
German Prime Minister
Gave very strong support to Austria during the July crisis while Kaiser was cruising on his yacht
Germany issues a “blank check”
“The Austrian demands are moderate. Any interference by Britain, France and Russia would be followed by incalculable consequences”

15. The Crisis
28 June 1914
Heir to Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria.
Hotbed of Slav nationalism
Seal of the Black Hand group

16. The Crisis “Black Hand” terrorists attack the Arch Duke
Bomb attempt fails in morning
Gavrilo Princip shoots Archduke and wife in the afternoon.
Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists.

17. The Crisis
Austrians, supported by Germany, send Serbia a tough ultimatum.
Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.
Russia mobilises her troops to support Serbia
Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down.
Germany declares war on Russia
“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”

18. Why did Britain get involved?
Britain had Ententes with France and Russia.
Only “friendly agreements” but French and Russians given impression Britain would fight.
The Schlieffen Plan
Sir Edward Grey
British Foreign Secretary … “There’s some devilry going on in Berlin”
Germany issues a “blank check”

19. The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s military plan to defeat France and Russia.
“Knock out blow” aimed at France first.
Avoid French defences by invasion of Belgium.
Germans thought Britain would not intervene.
Entering World War I, Germany knew that it could not wage war for an extended period on two fronts. Therefore, it became necessary for them to attempt to destroy one opponent quickly and decisively allowing them to concentrate all their forces on the other. Only a rapid offensive strategy would fulfill this objective. The plan which they devised was designed by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief of the German General Staff from
The Franco-Russian Alliance made it clear that Germany would have to face both French and Russian forces if they were ever to get in a war with either one. Consequently, the Germans believed that they would destroy France before Russia had time to mobilized. Germany estimated that it would take both themselves and France two weeks to mobilized. On the other hand, the Germans believed that it would take Russia six weeks to muster an offensive counter attack against them. The reason the Germans believed this is because of the closer proximity of France and the technological inferiority of Russia.
As early as 1899, Schlieffen had developed a plan of attack against France. Schlieffen realized that Germany could not attack straight across their border due to the fortresses which France had built along Alsace and Lorraine after Therefore, at the heart of Schlieffen plan was the idea that Germany would have to attack France by first going through Belgium. Because Belgium had been neutral since 1839, it was assumed to be an easy target which would provide the Germans with quick access into France. Additionally, Schlieffen predicted that France would eventually attack through Belgium, so Germany might as well do so first.
At the beginning, Schlieffen planned only to attack through a small portion of Belgium. Eventually, however, he was persuaded by German nationalists to expand his plans to attack through all of Belgium. The first wave of the attack called for a great wheeling movement through Belgium. A wheeling movement would allow the Germans to circle around behind Paris and capture the French armies at the Gura Mountains and the Swiss frontier. Schlieffen was inspired to do this by Hannibal's defeat of the Romans at Cannae. Schlieffen allocated six weeks and 7/8 of Germany's forces to destroy France while 1/8 held the Eastern Front against Russia.
Although Schlieffen died in 1912, Germany still used his plan when the war broke in The plan ultimately failed because of unexpected Schlieffen Plan - Belgian resistance which slowed the German offensive enough for the French to rally and defeat them at the Battle of Marne. After the Battle of Marne both sides settled into trench warfare for the duration of the War.

20. Britain’s Reaction 1838- UK had signed a Treaty to protect Belgium.
Britain also scared of Germany controlling Channel ports.
Did not want Germany to defeat France and dominate Europe. Britain next?
UK issued ultimatum to Germany to withdraw troops from Belgium. War declared August

21. Propaganda
USA
GERMANY

22. Propoganda
Germany
Australian

23. Propaganda
FRANCE

24. Nationalism – Rupert Brooke
1914 V: The Soldier
If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's, breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness, In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. 

25. Mid War – Seigfried Sassoon
Absolution
The anguish of the earth absolves our eyes  Till beauty shines in all that we can see.  War is our scourge; yet war has made us wise,  And, fighting for our freedom, we are free.  Horror of wounds and anger at the foe, And loss of things desired; all these must pass.  We are the happy legion, for we know  Time’s but a golden wind that shakes the grass.  There was an hour when we were loth to part  From life we longed to share no less than others. Now, having claimed this heritage of heart,  What need we more, my comrades and my brothers? 

26. Total Warfare
Soldiers
Private Citizens
Production
Economy

28. Two Fronts (oh yeah and Italy) Western Front
Western Front - The Western Front followed a line between France and Germany through Belgium
The French and British fought on one side against the Germans, eventually joined by Americans in 1917.
The war bogged down quickly, with both sides digging trenches, and fighting from them until the war ended in 1918.

29. Trench Warfare

30. Technologies
The stalemate occurred partly because new technology; machine guns and poison gas; made any offensive attack so lethal that the army had to retreat to trenches.
Attacks were followed by counter-attacks that resulted in huge casualties.
Each side simply hoped that the other would run out of young men first.
That happened when the United States entered the war, and Germany could not match the combined forces on the Western Front.

31. Casualties From Gas - The Numbers
Country
Total Casualties
Death
Austria-Hungary
100,000
3,000
British Empire
188,706
8,109
France
190,000
8,000
Germany
200,000
9,000
Italy
60,000
4,627
Russia
419,340
56,000
USA
72,807
1,462
Others
10,000
1,000

32. Eastern Front
Eastern Front - was on the opposite side of Germany from the Western Front.
Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russia along a much more fluid battle line.
Central Powers overran Serbia, Albania, and Romania.
Russians took the offensive in Prussia, but by the summer of 1915 combined Germany and Austrian forces drove the Russian armies back eastward across Poland, and eventually back into Russia's borders.
Russia's armies were poorly led and badly equipped, with the tsar sending men into battle without guns, food, or shoes.
Mass desertions and loss of confidence in the tsar led to chaos in Russia, where a communist-inspired group called the Bolsheviks eventually took over the government and assassinated the tsar.

33. Eastern Front
Russians took the offensive in Prussia, but by the summer of 1915 combined Germany and Austrian forces drove the Russian armies back eastward across Poland, and eventually back into Russia's borders.
Russia's armies were poorly led and badly equipped, with the tsar sending men into battle without guns, food, or shoes.
Mass desertions and loss of confidence in the tsar led to chaos in Russia, where a communist-inspired group called the Bolsheviks eventually took over the government and assassinated the tsar.
War ends of the Eastern Front with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 3 March 1918.

34. United States Joins Sinking of the Lusitania German U-Boats
May 7, 1915
German U-Boats
Angered Americans
America will join
the war April 2, 1917

35. Withdrawal and End Russia withdrew from the war in 1917.
This released German soldiers to transfer to the Western Front.
U.S. soldiers supplemented French and British soldiers on the West so that the stalemate was finally broken.
The armistice occurring in November 1918.

36. Net Effect
The net effect of the war was the slaughter of a huge portion of a generation of young men, primarily from Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, England, and France.
Arguably, Europe never fully recovered from the loss.

37. Effects What was the effect on areas other than Europe? Gallipoli
India
China
South America