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Published byAshley McGrath Modified over 10 years ago
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Phylum: Chordata Deuterostomes Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits Muscular Postanal tail
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Phylum: Chordata Notochord: long flexible rod between gut and nerve cord Present in all embryos Fluid-filled cells in fibrous tissue Length of animal, ‘skeleton’
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Phylum: Chordata Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Ectoderm, rolls into tube
Becomes central nervous system Inverts have ventral, solid cords
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Phylum: Chordata Pharyngeal gill slits Muscular Post-anal tail
Filter feeders (?) Modified for gas exchange Muscular Post-anal tail Skeletal and muscular; Propulsion Digestive system extends length of non-chordates
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Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum: Urochordata – ‘sea squirts’ Subphylum: Cephalochordata - lancelets Subphylum: Vertebrata
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Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Urochordata
Tunicates; Sea squirts Marine, sessile Larva are free swimming; (have all characteristics) Adult Larva
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Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Cephalochordata
Lancelets Bladelike Marine Burrow into sand Filter feeders
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Phylum: Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata
Hagfishes - jawless marine fish Cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord Lack vertebrae
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Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits Post anal tail
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Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata Class Agnatha – Jawless fish Class Chondrichthyes – cartilage fish Class Osteithyes – bony fish Class Amphibia – amphibians Class Reptilia – reptiles Class Aves – birds Class Mammalia
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Vertebrates 5 basic groups: Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
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Fish Characteristics Aquatic; gills for respiration
Sexes separate; internal and external fertilization Oviparous – lay eggs (Nemo) Ovoviviparous – eggs remain in body until hatched (sea horses, some sharks) Two chambered heart Ectotherms (‘cold-blooded’) – body temperature matches environment Most covered in scales
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Fish 3 types: Agnatha – jawless Cartilaginous Bony
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Class: Agnatha Lamprey eels Scaleless Oviparous
Ectoparasites Scaleless Oviparous Anadromous or freshwater Edible – no bones
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Class: Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish - harks, rays, skates Jaws, teeth of bone; skeleton of cartilage Flexible, fast, agile Sexes separate; fertilization is internal Almost all marine (bull shark, ray) Covered in placoid scales (‘dental ridge’) More efficient, quieter swimmers
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Class: Chondrichthyes
Predators/scavengers Excellent senses: Smell Lateral line system – changes in water pressure caused by vibrations in water Electrosensors on nose
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Class: Chondrichthyes
Rays, skates Dorso-ventrally flattened Bottom dwellers Crush molluscs Whiplike tail, barb
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Skate or Ray? Skates – ‘mermaid’s purse’, sharp teeth; fat, fleshy tail with no barb Rays – viviparous; flat, crushing teeth, long, whip-like tail with barbs Body shape
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Sharks 440 species Carnivores, some filter feeders Liver for buoyancy
Not efficient so must keep moving Ram ventilation – force fresh water over their gills Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous Pelagic, coastal, bottom dwellers
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Class: Osteichthyes Skeleton is bone; calcium phosphate
Marine, freshwater Operculum – bony plate covering gills Protection Pumps water over gills; without moving Swim bladder – gas-filled sac (buoyant) 2 pairs of paired appendages
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Osteichthyes Scales (exceptions) Ectotherms (tuna, swordfish)
Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores Teeth Dioecious External and internal fertilization Oviparous and ovoviviparous Mating, territoriality behaviors
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Cold blood from the gills is passed near warmer blood from internal muscles; slow exchange of heat to colder blood. Fish are much more active in colder waters body lengths/sec
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Osteichthyes 2 types: Actinopterygii - ray-finned – ‘rays’ of thin bone in fins Sarcopterygii - lung fish, Coelocanths
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Class: Amphibia “dual life” Metamorphosis – egg, tadpole, adult
Aquatic then terrestrial Algae then predators Eggs in water Adults on land (mostly) Gills to lungs/skin Lateral line to eardrum
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Amphibians Three chambered heart Ectotherms
Smooth skin – diffusion of oxygen Many retain gills as adults Near or in water; moist soil, burrows High humidity; tropical rain forests 3 types: frogs/toads, salamanders, Caecilians
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Amphibians Dioecious External fertilization, large numbers of eggs
Mating behaviors; Vocalizations
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Amphibia Caecilians, ‘blind lizard’ legless, almost blind
Burrow in soft mud, tropical
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Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class Reptilia Poikilothermic, ectotherms Lower caloric intake, Less active, ambush predators 3-chambered heart Scales; keratin (protein) Lungs Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores
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Class: Reptilia Dioecious; internal fertilization, cloaca
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous Amniotic Egg; Amniotic fluid and shell Prevents desiccation; lay eggs on land
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Class: Reptilia 4 Orders: Testudines – turtles
Squamata – lizards and snakes Sphenodontia – tuatara Crocodalia - ?
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Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Turtles, tortoises, terrapins
Omnivores, no teeth Migration Marine, fresh, terrestrial Internal fertilization Oviparous – on land
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Class: Reptilia Order Squamata Lizards, snakes Carnivores, herbivores
External ear Heat sensing organs
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Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodalia Ectotherms 4-chambered heart
Parental care
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Hearts: Vertebrates Have Excellent Closed Circulatory Systems
2–chambered 3-chambered 4-chambered
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Vertebrate Hearts 2 chambered
Fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) Oxygenated blood goes directly to tissues without returning to heart
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Vertebrate Hearts 3 chambered: Amphibians, reptiles
Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood can mix
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Vertebrate Hearts 4 chambered: Birds, mammals
Oxygenated blood is separated from deoxygenated blood (more efficient gas exchange)
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Birds Endotherms 4-chambered heart Feathers Camouflage Mate attraction
Flight Increased surface area Foil Camouflage Mate attraction Insulation
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Flight Feathers Strong wing muscles Hollow bones - decrease weight
Increase surface area without increasing weight Create a foil shape (lift) Strong wing muscles Highly oxygenated Large keel for attachment of muscle Hollow bones - decrease weight Parabronchi – ‘lung’ spread throughout body Reduced body parts
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Sternum, Keel; large surface area for attachment of flight muscles
Hollow bones
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Bird Characteristics Scaly legs – reptiles?
Keratin beak – no teeth (weight) Dioecious; dimorphic Oviparous – amniotic egg Most have high parental care
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Mammals Endotherms 4-chambered heart Fur/hair – most (bristles)
Mammary glands – milk Dioecious; dimorphic 3 basic types: monotremes, marsupials, placentals
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Class: Mammalia - Monotremes
Duck-billed platypus, spiny echidna Oviparous No nipples – patches on skin, milk ‘oozes’ out Cloaca
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Mammals: Marsupials Pouched - marsupium Viviparous
Young born very altricial (helpless) Climb into pouch attach to nipple and suckle to fuller development Most in Australia; opposum
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Class: Mammalia - Placentals
Viviparous Young develop attached to mother’s body via a placenta Nutrient/waste exchange O2, sugar Surrounded by amnion Most common
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