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Presentation Plus! Civics Today
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2. Splash Screen

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Sources of Our Laws
Section 2 Types of Laws
Section 3 The American Legal System
Review to Learn
Chapter Assessment
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Contents

4. Chapter Overview
In Chapter 15 you learn about the importance of laws in the United States. Section 1 describes the history of laws in the United States. Section 2 explains the kinds of laws in the United States. Section 3 analyzes the American legal system.
Chapter Intro 1

5. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 
Explain laws. 
Describe the origin of different laws in the United States. 
Describe the American legal system of the United States.
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Chapter Intro 2

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Chapter Intro 3

7. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
End of Intro

8. Guide to Reading Main Idea Key Terms
Modern laws that help people in the United States live together peacefully can be traced back to early laws like the Code of Hammurabi, the Code of Justinian, and English common law. 
Key Terms
jurisprudence 
common law 
precedent 
statute
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Section 1-1

9. Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information  As you read, take notes on a web diagram like the one on page 344 of your textbook of early laws upon which modern legal systems are based. 
Read to Learn
What are the functions of law? 
What early laws influenced modern legal systems?
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Section 1-2

10. Ancient tablet depicting King Hammurabi
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Section 1-3

11. Functions of Law
American society developed around the principle of “a government of laws, and not of men.” 
Laws are rules that allow people to live peacefully in society. 
Laws guarantee individual liberties because they are binding on everyone. 
People, organizations, and governments can deal with one another because all know which acts are permitted and which are not.
(pages 344–345)
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Section 1-4

12. Functions of Law (cont.)
To discourage criminal acts, laws set punishments and establish a justice system to enforce the laws. 
Laws also set rules to resolve civil disputes. 
To be effective, laws must be fair and treat all people equally. 
They must set punishments that fit the crime.
(pages 344–345)
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Section 1-5

13. Functions of Law (cont.)
Ordinary people must be able to understand them, and government must be able to enforce them. 
Most people will obey reasonable laws. 
The Founders based the nation’s system of laws on traditions and laws passed down from generation to generation.
(pages 344–345)
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Section 1-6

14. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Functions of Law (cont.)
Why is law enforcement easier if the laws are understandable, reasonable, and fair?
If most people understand the laws and believe they are reasonable and fair, most will obey the laws, and law enforcement becomes easier.
(pages 344–345)
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Section 1-7

15. Early Law
Laws of early human societies were probably passed to the next generation orally. 
The first known system of written law was the Code of Hammurabi, a collection of 282 laws compiled by King Hammurabi of Babylonia in about 1760 B.C.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-8

16. Early Law (cont.)
The Hebrews of ancient Palestine followed the Ten Commandments found in the Bible. 
Commandments like “thou shalt not kill” are reflected in our laws today. 
The Romans called their law jurisprudence, a word we use today to mean the study of law. 
As in the Code of Hammurabi, Roman penalties for offenses were drastic.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-9

17. Early Law (cont.)
Over centuries, the Roman senate adopted many laws, and Roman judges wrote commentaries on them, which became part of the law. 
Later Roman emperors created laws by issuing edicts, or commands. 
The laws spread as the Roman Empire grew.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-10

18. Early Law (cont.)
Emperor Justinian I boiled down Roman law into an orderly body of rules called the Code of Justinian. 
This code became the basis of law for the Byzantine Empire. 
Roman law also became part of the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-11

19. Early Law (cont.)
More than a thousand years later, French emperor Napoleon updated the Justinian Code and called it the Napoleonic Code. 
Napoleon conquered much of Europe, and the code went with him. Later, Europeans carried it to Asia and Africa.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-12

20. Early Law (cont.)
American laws are based mainly on the English system of common law, or law based on court decisions rather than on legal code. 
When early English judges heard a case, they looked in the books for a similar case and followed the earlier ruling, or precedent. 
Precedents are legal opinions that became part of the common law.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-13

21. Early Law (cont.)
English judges blended Roman law and canon law into the body of common law. 
The law came to include basic rights such as trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty. 
As the English Parliament gained power, acts of Parliament–written statutes– came to dominate the English legal system.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-14

22. Early Law (cont.)
English settlers in North America brought their traditions of common law and citizens’ rights with them. 
Today, common law forms the basis of our legal system, including the tradition of following precedents.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-15

23. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Early Law (cont.)
Why does most of the world today live under some form of Roman law?
The Napoleonic Code was an update of the Justinian Code, which was based on Roman law. When Napoleon conquered much of Europe, his code went with him. Later, Europeans carried it to Asia and Africa.
(pages 345–347)
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Section 1-16

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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case
__ 2. the study of law
__ 3. a law written by a legislative branch
__ 4. a system of law based on precedent and customs C
A. jurisprudence
B. common law
C. precedent
D. statute A D B
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Section 1-17

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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain What did John Adams mean when he said that Massachusetts should have “a government of laws, not of men”?
Government should operate according to established rules rather than the prejudiced feelings of officials.
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Section 1-18

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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Identify What three systems of law were based on Roman law?
The Code of Justinian, canon law, and Napoleonic Code were based on Roman law.
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Section 1-19

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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think common law predated statute law in the English system of law?
Possible answer: Common law was based on court decisions rather than on a legal code. Statutes came later when Parliament became stronger than the monarchy.
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Section 1-20

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Analyzing Visuals
Interpret Read the time line on page 345 of your textbook. The Justinian Code was written about how many years after the Code of Hammurabi was written?
The Justinian Code was written about 2,200 years later.
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Section 1-21

29. Close Summarize the laws that serve as the base for modern laws.
Section 1-22

30. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
End of Section 1

31. Guide to Reading Main Idea Key Terms
In addition to criminal law, there are other less well-known kinds of law, including civil law, public law, and international law. 
Key Terms
plaintiff 
misdemeanor 
lawsuit 
torts
defendant 
felony 
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Section 2-1

32. Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information  As you read, define the different kinds of law on a graphic organizer like the one on page 348 of your textbook. 
Read to Learn
What actions do various kinds of law govern? 
How do various kinds of law differ?
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Section 2-2

33. A collectible sports card
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Section 2-3

34. Criminal and Civil Law
Criminal laws seek to prevent people from deliberately or recklessly harming each other or each other’s property. 
American courts operate on an adversary system. 
Lawyers for opposing sides present their cases. 
The judge plays an impartial role.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-4

35. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Critics of the adversary system argue that it encourages lawyers to ignore unfavorable evidence. 
Supporters claim that it is the best system to bring out the facts of a case. 
In criminal cases, the government is always the plaintiff–the party that brings charges against the defendant–the individual or group being sued. 
Most criminal cases are titled in terms of the state against the defendant.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-5

36. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Felonies are serious crimes, such as murder, rape, and robbery. 
Misdemeanors are less serious offenses, such as vandalism or stealing inexpensive items. 
Misdemeanors are usually punished with a fine or jail sentence of less than one year.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-6

37. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Civil cases involve disputes between people or groups, in which no criminal laws have been broken. 
A civil case is called a lawsuit–a legal action in which a person or group sues to collect damages for some harm done. 
In civil cases, the plaintiff believes the defendant is to blame for some damage or loss of something of value.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-7

38. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
The dispute may involve a contract in which one party believes the other did not fulfill the terms of the agreement. 
Another type of dispute involves torts, or civil wrongs. 
In tort law a person may suffer an injury and claim that another party’s negligence was the cause. 
Family law, another type of civil law, deals with issues such as divorce, child custody, adoption, and child support.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-8

39. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Why are criminal cases titled in terms of the state against the defendant?
In criminal cases, the government is always the plaintiff. This is because the American system of justice assumes that society is the victim when a crime is committed. Titling criminal cases this way shows that the government, rather than an individual crime victim, is bringing action against the defendant.
(pages 348–350)
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Section 2-9

40. Public Law
Public law, or constitutional law, involves rights guaranteed under the Constitution or spelled out in legislation. 
It guides courts and legislatures when they deal with punishments and fines. Constitutional laws are the highest laws in the land. 
Administrative law includes all the rules and regulations that government agencies issue to carry out their jobs.
(pages 350–351)
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Section 2-10

41. Public Law (cont.)
Statutory law includes laws written by the legislatures at all levels of government. 
They establish rules such as speed limits and the minimum age for a work permit.
(pages 350–351)
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Section 2-11

42. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Public Law (cont.)
If a defendant claims he was a victim of an unreasonable search and seizure, what kind of case is it? Explain.
It would be a constitutional law case because it involves a possible violation of the Constitution’s Fourth Amendment.
(pages 350–351)
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Section 2-12

43. International Law
International law comprises treaties, customs, and agreements among nations. 
Violations may be brought to the International Court of Justice, or World Court, located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
(page 351)
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Section 2-13

44. International Law (cont.)
The United Nations established the World Court to hear disputes that nations bring against other nations. 
The World Court has no enforcement powers. It must rely on the willingness of the parties to accept its rulings.
(page 351)
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Section 2-14

45. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
International Law (cont.)
Would international law be involved in disputes over trade regulations? Explain.
Yes, international law involves disputes between nations. The parties in a trade dispute would most likely be different nations.
(page 351)
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Section 2-15

46. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. wrongful acts for which an injured party has the right to sue
__ 2. a person or party filing a lawsuit
__ 3. relatively minor offense such as vandalism or stealing inexpensive items
__ 4. an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime
__ 5. a serious crime such as murder, rape, kidnapping, or robbery E
A. plaintiff
B. defendant
C. felony
D. misdemeanor
E. torts A D B C
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Section 2-16

47. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Contrast What is the difference between criminal and civil law? Who is the plaintiff and defendant in each case? How are the results of each type of case different?
Criminal laws prevent people from harming each other. Civil laws regulate non-criminal behavior. The plaintiff brings the charges. The defendant is the party being accused. Cases tried under civil law are called lawsuits and tort actions. Criminal law offenses are called felonies and misdemeanors.
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Section 2-17

48. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Identify What does administrative law deal with? Why is administrative law considered part of public law?
Administrative law is the rules that government agencies must issue to carry out their jobs. It is part of public law because an individual can charge a government agency.
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Section 2-18

49. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Making Judgments In the event of a dispute with another nation, do you think the United States should abide by a ruling of the World Court, or should it maintain its independence and do what it thinks is right?
Answers will vary.
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Section 2-19

50. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Conclude Reexamine the photographs on page 350 of your textbook. If a Coast Guard patrol should see another nation’s ships violating U.S. territorial waters, what recourse can the United States take?
The United States would bring the case before the International Court of Justice or World Court.
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Section 2-20

51. Close Which type of laws are most important to individuals?
Section 2-21

52. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
End of Section 2

53. Guide to Reading Main Idea Key Terms
The U.S. Constitution and the American legal system offer vital protections and rights to citizens of the United States, including those accused of a crime. 
Key Terms
stare decisis 
due process of law 
search warrant 
double jeopardy 
grand jury 
bail
writ of habeas corpus 
bill of attainder 
ex post facto law 
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Section 3-1

54. Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information  As you read, list on a web diagram like the one on page 352 of your textbook the legal protections enjoyed by Americans that are included in Article I and the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution. 
Read to Learn
What legal protections are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution? 
What are the rights of people accused of a crime?
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Section 3-2

55. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Ernesto Miranda
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Section 3-3

56. Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution
American colonists owed their rights to legal principles developed in England. 
Although written statutes have replaced common law, courts still refer to common-law principles when no statutes exist for a given issue. 
The Constitution gives each branch of government a role in shaping laws.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-4

57. Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
Courts base their rulings on written laws and on precedents of earlier cases. 
Judges then use these rulings to decide similar cases in the future. This process is called stare decisis, for “let the decision stand.” 
Article I provides a safeguard against being kept in jail unlawfully.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-5

58. Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
It includes the writ of habeas corpus, which requires an official who has arrested someone to bring that person to court and explain why he or she is being held. 
Article I forbids enactment of a bill of attainder–a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or fair hearing in court.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-6

59. Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
It also forbids an ex post facto law, which would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed. 
The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee due process of law–the government may not take our lives, liberty, or property without the proper exercise of law.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-7

60. Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires the government to treat all people equally, regardless of gender, race, or religion. 
A person can be convicted of treason for waging war against the U.S., joining its enemies, or giving aid and comfort to the enemy. 
The Constitution defines treason so that the government cannot misuse the law to punish people for political acts.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-8

61. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
What groups have used the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to support their causes?
The equal protection clause has been the major civil rights tool of minorities and women challenging laws or government policies that discriminate against them.
(pages 352–354)
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Section 3-9

62. Rights of People Accused of Crimes
Rights of accused people are based on the idea that a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty in court. 
The prosecution must prove guilt. 
The defendant does not have to prove innocence.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-10

63. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
The Fourth Amendment protects against “unreasonable searches and seizures.” 
To intrude on someone’s property, police must first get a search warrant–a judge’s authorization specifying the place to be searched and items that may be seized. 
Police must have good reason to believe that the wanted person or evidence can be found there.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-11

64. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
In Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court established the exclusionary rule. 
If police gain evidence in a way that violates the Fourth Amendment, the evidence may not be used in court. 
The Fifth Amendment states that people do not have to say anything that might incriminate themselves. 
They can “take the Fifth” and decline to answer questions.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-12

65. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court held that police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, but this right may not be used to obstruct justice. 
The Fifth Amendment bans double jeopardy. 
Once tried and found not guilty, a person may not be tried again for the same crime.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-13

66. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
The Fifth Amendment says that people accused of serious federal crimes must be brought before a grand jury. 
If the grand jury decides there is enough evidence to proceed to trial, it indicts or issues a formal charge against the person.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-14

67. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
The Sixth Amendment says that an accused person has the right to a lawyer. 
In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court interpreted this to mean that if the accused could not afford a lawyer, the state must provide one. 
The Sixth Amendment says that accused people must be informed of the accusations against them.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-15

68. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
They have a right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury and may question witnesses against them. 
Impartial means that jury members must not know anyone involved in the case and must not have made up their minds before trial.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-16

69. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
Jury members usually come from the area where the crime was committed. 
In federal courts, all trial juries, called petit juries, have 12 people who must reach a unanimous decision. 
States have juries of 6 to 12 members. 
Defendants may choose to have a bench trial–appear before a judge without a jury.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-17

70. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
Few criminal cases come to trial. Most are settled through plea bargaining. 
The defense attorney and prosecutor negotiate. 
The prosecutor offers the defendant a chance to plead guilty to a less serious crime in exchange for receiving a less severe penalty. 
A judge must agree to the plea bargain.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-18

71. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
Plea bargains reduce the time and expense of a trial. 
They also reduce the huge volume of cases courts must process. 
The Eighth Amendment outlaws “cruel and unusual punishments.” 
The punishment must fit the crime.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-19

72. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
The Supreme Court ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty as then administered was not constitutional. 
It was being imposed in unfair ways and mainly on African Americans and poor people. 
In response, most states revised their death penalty laws to comply with the Court’s guidelines.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-20

73. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
The Eighth Amendment prohibits “excessive bail.” 
Bail is money an arrested person pays to a court to win release from jail while awaiting trial. 
Its purpose is to guarantee that the person will return for trial. 
After the trial, the person gets the money back.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-21

74. Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
Courts may not set bail so high that a person is unfairly forced to stay in jail. 
In cases involving serious crimes, however, the judge may set a very high bail. 
In extreme cases, like murder, or if the arrested person is likely to flee, the judge may deny bail.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-22

75. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Rights of People Accused of Crimes (cont.)
Why might defendants agree to a plea bargain?
People often agree to plea bargains to cut down on the expense and time of a trial or to get a lighter sentence if they fear conviction.
(pages 354–358)
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Section 3-23

76. Our Legal Responsibilities
Americans have a responsibility to serve on a jury and testify in court. 
Americans have the responsibility to obey laws and cooperate with law enforcement officials. 
Americans must work peacefully to change unfair, outdated laws.
(page 358)
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Section 3-24

77. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Our Legal Responsibilities (cont.)
How can Americans work peacefully to change unfair, outdated laws?
This might involve gathering voters’ signatures on petitions to place an issue on the ballot for a vote or asking legislators to change the law.
(page 358)
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Section 3-25

78. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial
__ 2. a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court
__ 3. putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted
__ 4. a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person
__ 5. a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed E
A. writ of habeas corpus
B. bill of attainder
C. ex post facto law
D. double jeopardy
E. bail B D A C
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Section 3-26

79. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Identify What are three basic legal rights of all citizens, and what do these rights mean?
The writ of habeas corpus means the person arrested must be told why he or she is being held. Article I forbids bill of attainder–a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial. Article I forbids ex post facto law–a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed.
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Section 3-27

80. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain What must police show a judge in order to obtain a search warrant?
Police must show a judge probable cause to obtain a search warrant.
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Section 3-28

81. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Which of the rights guaranteed to people accused of a crime do you think is the most important? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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Section 3-29

82. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Identify Review the chart on page 353 of your textbook. Which part of the U.S. Constitution includes the guarantee that if you are arrested you must be informed of the charges against you?
The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right that you must be informed of the charges against you if arrested.
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Section 3-30

83. Close
What decisions does an accused person have to make at the time he or she hears the Miranda rules?
Section 3-31

84. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
End of Section 3

85. Section 1: The Sources of Our Laws
Laws keep the peace and prevent violent acts. They set punishments and rules for resolving disputes. 
Early laws like the Code of Hammurabi, the Ten Commandments, Roman law, and English law have influenced our laws today.
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Review 1

86. Section 2: Types of Laws
Many types of laws exist, including public law, international law, and criminal and civil law. 
Whereas criminal law deals with criminal acts, civil law deals with disputes between people or groups.
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Review 2

87. Section 3: The American Legal System
Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights include several protections for those Americans accused of crimes.
Review 3

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End of Review

89. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. protects people from being tried for the same crime a second time
__ 2. less serious crimes or minor offenses such as traffic violations
__ 3. a sum of money an arrested person pays to win release from jail while awaiting the trial
__ 4. serious crimes such as robbery or murder B
A. bail
B. double jeopardy
C. felonies
D. habeas corpus
E. misdemeanors
F. plaintiff
G. precedents
H. statutes E A C
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Chapter Assessment 1

90. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 5. person bringing suit against another party
__ 6. legal opinions or court decisions upon which later decisions are based
__ 7. guarantees a person’s right to appear before a judge to determine whether he or she was being held legally
__ 8. laws written by a legislative branch F
A. bail
B. double jeopardy
C. felonies
D. habeas corpus
E. misdemeanors
F. plaintiff
G. precedents
H. statutes G D H
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Chapter Assessment 2

91. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Identify four characteristics of effective laws.
Laws must be fair, reasonable, understandable, and enforceable.
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Chapter Assessment 4

92. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.)
How did English law influence the development of American law?
When English settlers came to North American colonies in the 1600s and 1700s, they brought with them their traditions of common law and citizens’ rights.
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Chapter Assessment 5

93. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.)
How is common law different from statute law?
Common law is law based on court decisions rather than on legal code. Statutes are laws written by the legislature.
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Chapter Assessment 6

94. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.)
What does “taking the Fifth” mean?
A person will not testify because that testimony may incriminate him or her.
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Chapter Assessment 7

95. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Main Ideas (cont.)
How do grand juries and petit juries differ?
A grand jury has 12 to 23 members and decides whether there is enough evidence to indicate that a crime has been committed. A petit jury has six to 12 members and convicts or acquits accused persons of crimes.
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Chapter Assessment 8

96. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Identifying Alternatives Are there any other legal rights you think people should have?
Possible answer: right to privacy on the Internet
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Chapter Assessment 9

97. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Read the bar graph on page 361 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
Which age group includes the most victims of violent crimes?
The group with the most victims of violent crimes is the 16- to 19-year-old age group.
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Chapter Assessment 11

98. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals (cont.)
Read the bar graph on page 361 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
Summarize the information on the graph in a few sentences.
As you get older, you are less likely to be a victim of violent crime.
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Chapter Assessment 12

99. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the “equal protection of the laws”?
A Fourth Amendment
B Fifth Amendment
C Eighth Amendment
D Fourteenth Amendment
Test-Taking Tip Find the best answer by eliminating answer choices that you know are incorrect, thereby narrowing the choices.
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Chapter Assessment 13

100. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Why is the crime of treason defined in the Constitution?
It is defined in the Constitution so that the government cannot misuse the law to punish people for political acts.
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Chapter Assessment 14

101. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
End of Assessment

102. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & You Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
Civics Online

103. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Charts
Development of Legal Systems
Constitutional Rights of the Accused
Miranda Warning
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M&C Contents

104. M&C 1

105. M&C 2

106. M&C 3

107. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Making Decisions
Why Learn This Skill?
Making decisions is part of living. Deciding what to wear or what to have for lunch is just part of your daily routine. Many decisions, however, are more serious. Deciding what subjects to pursue in school, what career to plan for, or how to help a troubled friend can all have lasting consequences. You may have to make decisions as a leader in school or perhaps in government when you become an adult. These decisions could affect many other people.
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Skillbuilder 1

108. Making Decisions Learning the Skill
Following the steps below will help you make more thoughtful decisions. 
State the situation or define the problem. Gather all the facts. Ask: Why do I have to make a decision on this matter? Whom will my decision affect? Then, define your objective. State as clearly as possible what you hope to accomplish. 
List your options. Think of all the different courses of action open to you. Ask: What are the alternatives? How can I deal with this situation in a different way?
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Skillbuilder 2

109. Making Decisions Learning the Skill
Consider the possible outcomes. Ask yourself what the likely results of each option would be. 
Compare the possible outcomes to your objective. Consider your values. Values are the beliefs and ideas that are important to you. Your values should serve as your guidelines in making all decisions. 
Decide and act. Having thought out the situation, you know you have made the best decision possible at the time.
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Skillbuilder 3

110. Making Decisions Learning the Skill
Evaluate your decision. Review the actual outcome and ask yourself if you would make the same decision again.
Skillbuilder 4

111. Making Decisions Practicing the Skill
On a separate sheet of paper, write out the decision-making steps for the fictional situation described on page 359 of your textbook.
Skillbuilder 5

112. There have been some unusual laws passed
There have been some unusual laws passed. For example, it is illegal to fall asleep under a hair dryer in Florida. A person may not tie an alligator to a fire hydrant in Detroit, Michigan.
DYK2

113. The average grand jury spends from 5 to 10 minutes examining a case and almost always follows the prosecutor’s recommendation.
DYK3

114. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Innocent Until Proven Guilty
Every Man’s Home Is His Castle
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You Don’t Say Contents

115. Innocent Until Proven Guilty The phrase “innocent until proven guilty” can be traced as far back as the fourth century when the Roman Emperor Julian said, “If it suffices to accuse, what will become of the innocent?”
You Don’t Say 1

116. Every Man’s Home Is His Castle Before 1760, the phrase every man’s home is his castle developed in England because searches and seizures were greatly restricted.
You Don’t Say 2

117. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What is the setting of this cartoon? How would you summarize the cartoonist’s point?
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Time1

118. The cartoon is set at a police station
The cartoon is set at a police station. The cartoonist is making a point about modern technology: whereas in days past the primary method for a prisoner to communicate was through a phone call, the cartoonist points out that in modern society, it is increasingly common to communicate by fax or .
Time2

119. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
DFT1

120. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
DFT2

121. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
DFT3

122. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove
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End of Custom Show

123. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
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