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2. 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 starting with including including first then
Roadmap Chapter 1 Page 1
In this chapter you will learn about
Key themes to structure your thinking about Biology
starting with
including
including
What does it mean
to say that something
is alive?
Two of the greatest
unifying ideas in Biology
The process of
doing Biology
1.1
1.5
first
then
The theory of
evolution by
natural selection
The cell theory
1.2
1.3
predicts
The tree of life
1.4

3. If this is a Science Course, then the first thing we should learn is what Science is, right?
tumblr_mczd4kLOuo1qgsgebo1_1280.jpg
With apologies to: Nightmare Before Christmas

4. DOING BIOLOGY Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.4 Observations (planned or
involves the
Characteristics of
living things
focuses on
reveals
The Tree of Life
Evidence-based study of life
1.1
Describes the
evolutionary
relationships
among species
Energy
Cells
Information
Replication
Evolution
begins with
1.4, Ch 28, Unit 6
1.1
Observations
(planned or
chance)
Exploring
the literature
Sharing ideas
with other
scientists
Inspiration
provides
Text section where
you can find more
information
BioSkills 14
leads to
lead to
Defining a problem
and
forming a question
leads to
Society

5. Consistent experimental conditions
Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.5
Defining a problem
and
forming a question
leads to
Stating a hypothesis
and a null hypothesis,
and making predictions
leads to
Designing a study
(either observational
or experimental)
to test predictions
Characteristics
of good
experimental
design
usually
involves
leads to
Controls
Consistent experimental conditions
Large sample sizes
Gathering data
1.5

6. Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.6
Scientific community
Society
Stating a hypothesis
and a null hypothesis,
and making predictions
Discussions with colleagues
Scientific meetings
Peer-reviewed publications
reject
hypothesis;
propose
alternative
hypothesis to
leads to
BioSkills 14
Designing a study
(either observational
or experimental)
to test predictions to
revisit
assumptions
of study
Communicate
findings
leads to
then
Gathering data
then
Theory
Explains fundamental aspects of nature
Consistently shown to be correct after extensive testing
Serves as a frame- work for developing new hypotheses
leads to
relate to
larger
Analyzing and
interpreting data
BioSkills 1, 3, 4, 7, 9
1.2
evaluated
by asking
such as
Do the data support
the hypothesis?
Cell theory
if NO
if YES
1.2
and
Theory of natural
selection
1.3, Ch 25

7. Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge
Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!
Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask!
Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question
Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable.
Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control
Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H
Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

8. Scientific Method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction
Experiment
Analysis
Decision
revise
re-test from different
perspective
Reject
Cannot Reject
after many cycles without rejection
Hypothesis becomes Theory

9. We are all born as scientists and do the scientific method innately.
As an example, we will walk through a more adult experience, and see how your natural reactions to the situation include almost instant application of multiple cycles of the scientific method!

10. Scientific Method Bulb In? Bulb Burned Out? Power On? Switch Broken?
Wire Shorted?
Plugged In?
Paid Bill?
Bulb loose?
after many cycles without rejection
Hypothesis becomes Theory
Theory of Evolution
Law of Conservation of Matter
Law of Conservation of Energy
An Alternative Lamp Theory?

11. Louis Pasteur: Testing The Question of Spontaneous Generation
French Biochemist and Microbiologist
Germ Theory of Disease
Pasteurization of Food (60°C 30 min)
Vaccinations against Rabies and Anthrax

12. Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells?
Page 4 Figure 1.2
Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells?
Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving materials.
Cells are produced only when preexisting cells grow and divide.
Pasteur experiment with straight-necked flask:
Pasteur experiment with swan-necked flask:
1. Place nutrient broth in
straight-necked flask.
1. Place nutrient broth in
swan-necked flask.
Cells
Cells
2. Boil to sterilize the
flask (killing any living
cells that were in the
broth).
2. Boil to sterilize the flask
(killing any living cells that
were in the broth).
Condensation settles
in neck
No cells
Cells
No cells
Cells
3. Preexisting cells
enter flask from air.
3. Preexisting
cells from air
are trapped in
swan neck.
Cells will appear in broth.
Cells will appear in broth.
Cells will appear in broth.
Cells will not appear in broth.
Spontaneous
generation
hypothesis
rejected
Both hypotheses
supported
Cells
No cells
Cells arise from preexisting cells, not spontaneously from nonliving material.

13. A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You tell him the battery must be dead, and that if so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery should solve the problem. In doing so, you are _____.
summarizing observations about why the car won’t start.
stating a scientific theory for why the car won’t start.
offering a specific hypothesis and associated prediction to explain why the car won’t start.
performing an experimental test of a hypothesis for why the car won’t start.
Answer: C

14. How does the word theory in science differ from its use in everyday English?
There is no difference—the usages are interchangeable.
A scientific theory is always right and never changes.
Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses.
A scientific theory can be confirmed by a single experiment designed to prove its accuracy.
Answer: C

15. Observations: Figure 1-11 Page 13-14
Wild chilies produce fruits that contain seeds.
Cactus mice are seed eaters.
Curve-billed thrashers are fruit eaters.

16. Figure 1-11

17. Decision: The null hypothesis is:
Rejected
Conclusion?