1. Time Lines Roger Bailey

2. Time Concepts Get over it! Sun is the Essence of Time
Daily rotation of earth gives hours of the day, sunrise, high noon and sunset, days of the year
Yearly orbit around the sun gives solstices, equinoxes and seasons
Sundials show solar time cycles
Clock time is arbitrary and regulated
We are continuously challenged to have sundials show clock time
Get over it!
Solar time is reality. The clocks are wrong!

3. Sundial Time Sundials can show time in many ways
Day divided into hours
Normally 24 hours, equal or unequal
Start: noon & midnight, sunrise or sunset
Mark prayer times, Canonical or Moslem
Year divided into seasons, months, or zodiac signs based on solar declination & mark dates
Regular equal hours common in N America on sundials with polar gnomons
Older cultures used different hours and timelines on historical sundials with perpendicular gnomons. Interesting timelines!

4. Time, Timelines and Culture
Night time for sleep, Daytime is active
Meal time divides the day
Prayer times were the first markers
Canonical and Moslem - First sundials
Watch times – Eight bells for ships
Hours of daylight: Seasonal then Equal
Time regulated by sundials and clocks
Astronomical, standard then Atomic time

5. Polar Gnomon Sundials Polar gnomon is parallel to the earth’s axis
Angle with horizontal plane = Latitude
Angle in meridian plane with vertical = Co-Lat (90-Latitude)
Hour lines radiate from the gnomon base
Date or declination lines from tip or nodus
Olde English Gnomon
By Tony Moss

6. Point Gnomon Sundials Gnomon is perpendicular to the plane
Time lines set by shadow paths from the tip of the gnomon
Determine altitude and azimuth of sun at the time
Project point onto the plane
Hour lines do not radiate from the gnomon base
Ref: Fer De Vries: “A Uniform Method to Compute Flat Sundials usable all over the World” & “Zon 2000”

7. Timelines Equal hours: 24 hours/day,
2 x 12, starting at midnight and or noon
Babylonian hours: Start at sunrise
Noon and sunset times vary
Italian hours: Start at sunset
Sunrise and noon times vary
Also Bohemian or Jewish hours
Unequal hours: 12 hours per day, sunrise to sunset. Biblical hours
Length varies with season

8. Time Lines Italian Hours (sunset) Solstices Equal Hours Equinox
Babylonian Hours (sunrise)
Prague Klementinum 1
Students Court East Facing
Time Lines

9. Prague Klementinum Sundials6 7 8 9 10 5 16 12
Vine Court
Economics Court 4 15 11 3
13, 14,17
Astronomy
Tower 2
Students Court 1
“St Clement” Jesuit University 1653

10. Equal (noon)
Babylonian
(Sunrise)
Italian (Sunset)
Klementinum 2: South Facing Students Court

11. Klementinum Astronomy Tower
East Face
Morning
West
Facing
Klementinum Astronomy Tower

12. Klementinum Economics Court
Sundials

13. EC 9 S Equal
Economics Court 9: South Face: Equal Hours

14. EC10 S Italian
Economics Court 9: South Face: Italian Hours

15. EC11 E Equal
Economics Court 11: East Face: Equal Hours

16. EC12 S Italian Italian Hours
Hours from Sunset
“Horae ab occasum solis”
Equal hours, 24 / day
Noon varies, 18 at equinox
Used in Europe 1200 to 1800
Reverse Italian Hours = Time to Sunset
Economics Court 12: East Face: Italian Hours

17. Vine Court
Sundials
Klementinum Vine Court

18. VC3E Babylonian Vine Court 3: East Face: Babylonian Hours
A SOLIS ORTU FROM THE RISING OF THE SUN
VC3E Babylonian
Vine Court 3: East Face: Babylonian Hours

19. VC4E Italian Vine Court 4 East Face: Italian Hours
USQUE AD OCCASIUM THROUGH TO SUNSET
VC4E Italian
Vine Court 4 East Face: Italian Hours

20. VC5 E Equal Vine Court 5: S 68º E Face: Equal Hours
LAUDABILE NOMEN DOMINI: PRAISE THE NAME OF THE LORD
VC5 E Equal
Vine Court 5: S 68º E Face: Equal Hours

21. VC 7 S Equal
Vine Court 7: South Face: Equal Hours

22. VC S 6 Babylonian
Vine Court 6 South Face: Babylonian Hours

23. VC 8 S Italian
Vine Court 8: S Face: Italian Hours

24. Prague Astronomical Clock
Timelines are not just on sundials
Italian
Sidereal (star)
Unequal (Biblical)
Sun rise & set
Local equal
Zodiac
Lunar phases

25. Hotel Růže
Český Krumlov
Hotel Růže 
Jesuit College 1586

26. Český Krumlov
Italian Hours
Reversed
Babylonian Hours
Hours of Daylight
Date Lines: Zodiac
Equal Hours

27. Reverse Italian Hours Time to Sunset
Modern uses for Italian
Airports:Visual Flying Rules
Mac Oglesby: Moore Field
Royal Astronomical Society (RASC) Alberta Star Party
Eccles Ranch Observatory
Caroline AB (52.1, 114.7)
Sidereal hours for Observatory sundial?

28. Karl Schwarzinger, Innsbruck
Gnomonicae Societas Austriaca

29. Birthday Lines Karl Swarzinger, Austrian Sundial Society
Franz Wuring sundial
Family’s Birthday Lines

30. Caesartelli Sundial with Date Lines Fabio Casartelli Memorial
Col d’ Aspres
Pyrênées, France
Tour de France 1995

31. Casartelli Memorial Date Lines on Sundial Memorial Birth Olympic Gold
16 August 1970
Olympic Gold
3 August 1992
Death in crash
18 July 1995

32. Seasonal Markers: Sunrise Sunset Lines
2.80
2.80
Here is the result. There is a point that can be used as a seasonal sunrise marker aligned with the time and direction of sunrise.
Stand on Marker, sight over date to see where the sun rises
Stand on Date, sight over marker to see when the sun rises

33. Seasonal Markers: Sunrise Sunset Lines
This is a Delta Cad drawing showing the markers lines for each month. The close intersection point shows that Mike’s questions led to a brilliant idea. The marker line seem to converge to a point on the axis. I modified Fer De Vries Delta Cad macro posted on the NASS web site to create this drawing.
Sunrise and sunset lines converge almost to points,
Seasonal Markers on the major W/E axis

34. Seasonal Markers
Sunset
Sunrise
Elliston Park, Calgary

35. Prayer Times: Canonical Hours
Often shown on Mass or scratch dials on old churches
Seven times (tides) defined by St. Benedict’s Rule (6th Century)
Matins (Lauds): midnight to dawn
Prime: sunrise (first)
Triece: mid-morning (third)
Sext: noon (sixth)
Nones: midafternoon
Vespers: sunset
Compline: sunset to midnight

36. CHAPTER XVI How the Work of God Is to Be Performed during the Day
Rule of St. Benedict
CHAPTER XVI How the Work of God Is to Be Performed during the Day
As the Prophet saith: "Seven times a day I have given praise to Thee" (Psalms 119:164), this sacred sevenfold number will be fulfilled by us in this wise if we perform the duties of our service at the time of Lauds, Prime, Tierce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Complin;

38. Mass Dials Orm’s dial is typical Horizontal gnomon
Equal time divisions
Seasonal un-equal hours

39. Moslem Prayer Hours
For devout Moslems, there are five prayer times, all determined by the altitude of the sun
Fajr (morning): twilight to dawn
Zuhr (noon): Shadow length: noon + ¼ gnomon height
Asr (mid pm): Shadow length: noon + gnomon height to noon + 2 gnomon heights
Maghrib (sunset): sundown to end of twilight
Isha (night): twilight to dawn
Zuhr and Asr are (were) set by shadow lengths
Horizontal sundials with perpendicular gnomons

40. Monastic Moslem Daily Prayer Times Prime Matins Triece Sext Nones
Vespers
Compline
zuhr
asr
maghrib
isha
fajr
Moslem
duha
Midnight
Midday
Sunrise
Sunset
Daybreak
Nightfall
Daily Prayer Times

41. Moslem Prayer Times
Noon
Defined by altitude of sun determined by shadow lengths
Zuhr = Noon + ¼ gnomon height
Asr = Noon + gnomon height to Noon + 2 gnomon heights
Zuhr
Asr
Gnomon

42. Moslem Prayer Timelines
Zon 2000
Istanbul: Latitude 41º N
Horizontal with Vertical Gnomon

43. Istanbul Topkapi Palace Complex sundial in Courtyard Asr prayer line
Italian Hours
Babylonian
Equal Hours
Joël Robic ©

44. Italian
Babylonian
Asr

45. Topkapi Palace Ottoman Sundial
This is what the veiled women were viewing. A strange pattern of lines and Arabic writing. What does it mean? The lines are the hour lines for two different sundials and show four different systems of measuring time.

46. Missouri Botanical Garden

47. Ottoman Sundial
Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis
Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator
Fazil Sutcu: Architect
Abraham Mohler: Sculptor
E.L. Bakewell Jr:Sponsor
Roger Bailey: Designer
From Istanbul to St Louis, an interesting project. To understand why we need a historical perspective. Lets go back to 1480 when the original dial was constructed. What was happening in the world at that time? Who were the superpowers, nations that influenced world politics beyond their bordersIn those days what

49. Walking Shadow Designs
Proud Artisans
Abraham Mohler Sculptor
Roger Bailey Designer
Walking Shadow Designs

50. Istanbul: New Mosque Yeni Camii
Veni Camii

51. Vertical Declining Sundials

52. New Mosque “Yeni Camii” 1 Local hours 20’ Italian hours Asr 1 & 2
Zhur?
Declination
Other curves

53. Yeni Camii: New Mosque
45º
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca

54. New Mosque Yeni Camii 2 Local hours 20’ Polar Gnomon bent horizontal
(Moslem style)

55. New Mosque Yeni Camii 3 Islamic sundial Prayer times Hours? 20’
Overlay confirms declination lines, equinoctial and Asr Prayer line (N + G).
Zuhr Prayer line and parallel curved time lines are different
New Mosque
Yeni Camii 3
Islamic sundial
Prayer times
Hours? 20’

56. Blue Mosque: Istanbul

57. Ablutions

58. Blue Mosque: Istanbul
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca
42º

59. Blue Mosque Sundial Vertical Declining S 42º W
Modern computation (Zon 2000)
Dial is crudely engraved
Overlay shows slightly different results on equinox and Asr lines.
Zuhr and other lines are unusual, parallel to Asr, not defined by shadows N + nG
Blue Mosque Sundial
Vertical Declining S 42º W
Shadow lengths defined prayer lines for Horizontal
Date Lines for Equinox and Solstices
Six time lines: Noon, Pre Zuhr, Zhur, Asr, 2 post Asr
2 Post Asr
Asr
Zuhr
Noon

60. Hagia Sophia: Istanbul
Byzantine Cathedral: Saint Sophia
Roman Emperor Justinian 537
1453’s Sultan’s Mosque, now museum

61. Hagia Sophia
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca
36º

62. Hagia Sophia Sundial Vertical declining S 36 W
Modern calculation overlay confirms noon, equinoctial and declination.
Asr prayer line ~OK
Zuhr prayer line is tilted,
parallel, like other lines
Vertical declining S 36 W
Multiple timelines similar to prayer lines

63. Republican Hours French Revolution Rational measures Republican Hours
Relativistic Hours
Republican Hours
French Revolution
Rational measures
Metric system
Decimalization
Republican Hours
10 hours, 10 x 10 min1
1 Republican = 2.4 hrs
Vallouise, Les Vigneaux
North Declining East
5 to 9:30 am = 2 to 4
L’Atelier Tournesol 1989

64. Analemma
Declination
Equation
Of Time
Dennis di Cicco:

65. Standard Time Sundials

66. Standard Time Sundials
R D Swensen Dial 1995 by Prof John Shepherd
University of Wisconsin
Analemma Hour Lines

67. Berlin, Charlottenburg, Pestalozzistr.40 1992D_
“Meine Sonnenuhren” by Karl Schwarzinger © 2004

68. “Meine Sonnenuhren” by Karl Schwarzinger © 2004
St Ulrich in Gröden Rumanonstr
“Meine Sonnenuhren” by Karl Schwarzinger © 2004

69. The shadow of the Golden Arches
Modern Timelines
The shadow of the Golden Arches
C.Huff © Leo Burnett, USA